Foundations in English Literary Studies Assignment 1 Essay

Ozymandias was a powerful king, who ruled with an iron fist. Lines 4 and 5, â€Å"Half sunk, a shattered visage lies, whose frown†, â€Å"And wrinkled lip and sneer of cold command† shows that Ozymandias ruled with contempt, dominance and conceit. He was a very unhappy man, not forthcoming or humble in any way, as a true king should be. He was however, filled with pride and arrogance. Lines 10 and 11, â€Å"My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings: Look on my works, ye mighty, and despair!† depicts his pride and vanity. The manner in which these lines are written, in the first voice, as if Ozymandias himself is telling us of his importance, one last time. In these 2 lines, he is boasting about all his accomplishments, wealth and successes, which accompanied being a king. These lines show that he believed that he was the greatest, and none superior to him. â€Å"Half sunk, a shattered visage lies, whose frown† â€Å"And wrinkled lip and sneer of cold command† â€Å"Tell that its sculptor well those passions read† â€Å"Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things† The sculptor clearly showed Ozymandias personality and passions on his statue. Even though Ozymandias thought his would rule forever, everything becomes lifeless with time. And the manner in which he ruled was clearly shown on his half decayed and dismantled statue. Human ambition will only take you that far, it’s what you leave behind that truly matters. The words â€Å"passions† and â€Å"lifeless† are placed close together, because your passions and desires are supposed to keep you alive and happy, yet Ozymandias’ passions of despair survived on a lifeless statue. â€Å"The hand that mocked them and the heart that fed†. From what I can tell, the sculptor disapproved of the king’s way of ruling and ridiculed him, but yet he had to create him in stone to be remembered by all. The irony concerning lines 10 and 11 is that Ozymandias will not be remembered as a  great leader and king. What he believed himself to be will not be engraved in his followers, on the contrary, they would probably want him forgotten and his statue left in ruins. A statue is usually a monument erected in honour of a great leader of merit, but Ozymandias was a monument of fear and oppression. The poet is displaying a picture of dry and barren land in the desert. A half sunken body or head decapitated from its legs lying in the sand. There is nothing around these dismantled pieces, nothing for miles. The word â€Å"antique† to me, suggests old, ancient and maybe dilapidated. The poet also uses many words that evidently illustrate brokenness and deterioration like â€Å"trunkless legs†, â€Å"shattered visage†, â€Å"frown†, â€Å"wrinkled lip†, â€Å"cold command†, â€Å"survive†, â€Å"lifeless things†,† despair†, â€Å"nothing beside remains†, â€Å"decay†, â€Å"colossal wreck†, â€Å"boundless and bare† and â€Å"lone†. Lines 12, 13 and 14 portray the degeneration and despair clearly. â€Å"Nothing beside remains, round the decay† â€Å"Of the colossal wreck, boundless and bare† â€Å"The lone and level sands stretch far away† â€Å"boundless and bare†, â€Å"lone and level† and â€Å"sands stretch† Using alliteration in these lines creates and increases the effect of what the poet is saying. It also adds emphasis on the description of the land and on what remains of the mighty Ozymandias. It allows a clear picture and the irony of the end of Ozymandias legacy.

Professionalism in the Army Essay

Professionals in the United States Army stand apart from others engaged in particular careers in the civilian world. While many vocations contain some of the characteristics of professional, a lot of careers do not include all of the elements necessary to distinguish themselves as being as close to a professional as a United States soldier. Professionalism grows depending on the time and service they have in the Army. A professional has specialized knowledge and skill which can only be acquired through prolonged education and experience. Such skill and experience form the basis of objective standards of professional competence that separate the practicing professional from their peers and measure the competence of such professional. This professional knowledge must also be intellectual in nature. The second characteristic of professionalism is responsibility. General responsibility creates the moral responsibility of soldiers and helps us understand the set of values which guide us. In addition, however, soldiers must also possess the values of other human beings and question service to a society which does not respect these values. These values include justice, common courtesy, human dignity and humbleness. A government which does not respect these values is illegitimate and cannot be said to serve the society it directs. In the case of United States Army soldiers, the values of the United States must be examined in the context of the military profession. The Declaration of Independence and the Constitution provide clear statements of these values and Ethics. Ethics are standards by which one should act based on values. Values are core beliefs such as duty, honor, and integrity that motivate attitudes and actions. Not all values are ethical values (integrity is; happiness is not). Ethical values relate to what is right and wrong and thus take precedence over nonethical values when making ethical decisions. Honesty. Being truthful, straightforward, and candid are aspects of honesty. Truthfulness is required. Deceptions are usually easily uncovered. Lies erode credibility and undermine public confidence. Untruths told for seemingly altruistic reasons (to prevent hurt feelings, to promote good will, etc.) are nonetheless resented by the recipients. Straightforwardness adds frankness to truthfulness and is usually necessary to promote public confidence and to ensure effective, efficient conduct of operations. Truths presented in such a way as to lead recipients to confusion, misinterpretation, or inaccurate conclusions are not productive. Such indirect deceptions can promote ill-will and erode openness, especially when there is an expectation of frankness. Candor is the forthright offering of unrequested information. It is necessary according to the gravity of the situation and the nature of the relationships. Candor is required when a reasonable person would feel betrayed if the information were withheld. In some circumstances, silence is dishonest; yet in other circumstances, disclosing information would be wrong and perhaps unlawful. Integrity. Being faithful to one’s convictions is part of integrity. Following principles, acting with honor, maintaining independent judgment, and performing duties with impartiality help to maintain integrity and avoid conflicts of interest and hypocrisy. Loyalty. Fidelity, faithfulness, allegiance, and devotion are all synonyms for loyalty. Loyalty is the bond that holds the nation and the Federal Government together and the balm against dissension and conflict. It is not blind obedience or unquestioning acceptance of the status quo. Loyalty requires careful balancing among various interests, values, and institutions in the interest of harmony and cohesion. Accountability. Soldiers are required to accept responsibility for their decisions and the resulting consequences. This includes avoiding even the appearance of impropriety. Accountability promotes careful, well-thought-out decisionmaking and limits thoughtless action. Fairness. Open-mindedness and impartiality are important aspects of fairness. Soldiers must be committed to justice in the performance of their official duties. Decisions must not be arbitrary, capricious, or biased. Individuals must be treated equally and with tolerance. Caring. Compassion is an essential element of good government. Courtesy and kindness, both to those we serve and to those we work with, help to ensure individuals are not treated solely as a means to an end. Caring for others is the counterbalance against the temptation to pursue the mission at any cost. Respect. To treat people with dignity, to honor privacy, and to allow self-determination are critical in a government of diverse people. Lack of respect leads to a breakdown of loyalty and honesty within a government and brings chaos to the international community. Promisekeeping. No government can function for long if its commitments are not kept. Soldiers are obligated to keep their promises in order to promote trust and cooperation. Because of the importance of promisekeeping, leaders must only make commitments within their authority. Professionalism is a subject that is near and dear to my heart. Professionalism is important for all of us who are part of the military institution in both active and Reserve components. It is important for all of us who love and respect the Army. We live in a time of change for the Army, and, as in all institutions during times of change and change in leadership, we need to emphasize leadership and return to the core values that are the foundation of our system. With the example of carelessness and other lapses in our leadership in the Army, it is important for us to go back and reexamine ourselves. It is vital for everyone who wears the Army uniform, to have consideration for others(superiors, peers and subourdinates) and for Army values. We must constantly remind ourselves of that. We all know what Army values are-the timeless values of loyalty, duty, respect, honor, selfless service, integrity, and personal courage-pronounced as leadership. Those are the values that have carried us as an institution over the years and have kept us professional at all times. Rarely does anyone talk about the next step or higher plain. I will give my perception of what I define as professionalism. In reading a number of quotes about the military calling, the one I like best is that of John F. Kennedy speaking to the graduating class of the Naval Academy in Annapolis, â€Å"What you have chosen to do for your country is the greatest contribution a man can make.† While professionalism is the basis of military service, it consists of many parts. One part is overcoming challenges. There will be many challenges over the next decades. In order to be successful, this nation needs soldiers with a level of skills, talents, drive and professionalism that we have not really experienced before, except in wartime. We must attain that degree of professionalism in the peacetime environment. Our leaders must be creative, innovative and exploit any opportunity to ensure the effective contribution of the Army to our military strategy and to national security. Professionalism was always leadership. The message is all to clear. The Army is not a place where anyone can afford to drift along. We need to study leadership in our duties and professional education. The practice of leadership must be constant. Clearly, the scope of professionalism has changed. The idea that we can be professionals at another time, and not be professionals all the time, has changed also. Today, professionalism is a shared approach. Reservists must be as professional as the active components that they support and the actives they sometimes replace. We must avoid the shortcuts in our units that create our own problems, for example, when we try to promote specialists to sergeants without a thorough grasp on whether or not they’re ready to be a leader, or abuse their power against good soldiers, or turn our heads and choose quantity over quality. Without the attention to professionalism, we lose the edge we have. Professionalism is mentoring, passing on the example and the values of professionalism. As leaders we all have a responsibility to pass on the torch and to mentor our subordinates. For the good of all our soldiers, my challenge to all of us is to monitor and encourage professionalism and inject that Army professionalism into the joint arena. Professionalism is being ready. If I may quote a line in the soldier’s creed, â€Å"I stand ready to deploy, engage and destory the enemies of the united states of america in close combat..† Our relevance to the mission of the modern Army is measured in what we can provide and accomplish today and not what we can provide at some time in the future to meet some vague threat. Integral to the concept of professionalism is a common vision to provide trained and ready soldiers and units to America’s Army. That vision rests on the pillars of readiness, recruiting, retention, resources and community relations. Professionalism also calls for physical and mental readiness. The missions that our government calls on us to perform today demand no less than physical and mental preparedness. That is why we have a physicaly training test every six months. We are above the standard. Professionalism is also taking care of one’s own. We recruit soldiers: retain families. We need to make soldiers feel that they are a part of something very important and that they have a sense of camaraderie which comes from the confidence that they belong to an organization that is well run and which is doing  meaningful and interesting things. Meeting the challenge of developing esprit de corps in soldiers and addressing the needs of the military families are fundamental to passing professionalism on to our soldiers. Finally, professionalism means supporting the profession. You do that by supporting the organizations and associations that support the profession. If there is one message I would like to have you carry from this essay, it is that there is no greater supporter of professionalism than I. I do not need to remind you that the new leadership of the Army are all team players and we are here today to play the ballgame. We are here until the game is over. I invite you to join me in the coming years to increase the professionalism of our force. A professional learns every aspect of the job. An amateur skips the learning process whenever possible. A professional carefully discovers what is needed and wanted. An amateur assumes what others need and want. A professional looks, speaks and dresses like a professional. An amateur is sloppy in appearance and speech. A professional keeps his or her work area clean and orderly. An amateur has a messy, confused or dirty work area. A professional is focused and clear-headed. An amateur is confused and distracted. A professional does not let mistakes slide by. An amateur ignores or hides mistakes. A professional jumps into difficult assignments. An amateur tries to get out of difficult work. A professional completes projects as soon as possible. An amateur is surrounded by unfinished work piled on top of unfinished work. A professional remains level-headed and optimistic. An amateur gets upset and assumes the worst. A professional handles money and accounts very carefully. An amateur is sloppy with money or accounts. A professional faces up to other people’s upsets and problems. An amateur avoids others’ problems. A professional uses higher emotional tones: Enthusiasm, cheerfulness, interest, contentment. An amateur uses lower emotional tones: anger, hostility, resentment, fear, victim. A professional persists until the objective is achieved. An amateur gives up at the first opportunity. A professional produces more than expected. An amateur produces just enough to get by. A professional produces a high-quality product or service. An amateur produces a medium-to-low quality product or service. A professional has a promising future. An amateur has an uncertain future.

Forensic Pathology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Forensic Pathology - Coursework Example The present scenario has a submerged body; the pathologist takes the samples from different organs without marking. This is because if the samples are supposed to go for DNA sequencing or finger printing then the DNA from every cell or tissue of the same body is exactly the same. So to find anomalous behavior more than one sample is withdrawn. These tissues are sliced into blocks and mounted on slides for microscopic analysis and are further subjected to various tests. The Y-incision is performed to gain access to vital body organs and see if any physical assault has been made or whether the deceased was suffering from a disease. These organs are weighed either collectively or separately depending on the severity of scenario. Usually the weight is reduced in case of traumatized organs. (Prahlow, Byard. 2011) Tissue sampling from the stomach can be useful to indicate if any poison was given to the victim. This can help indicate the time of death as well. Usually samples from other organs such as gall bladder, liver, urine, eye fluid etcetera are also obtained to make sure of poisoning and digestion levels. In case of murder or assault the body is not normally returned to the family until the many staged investigation is carried out. Moreover if the head injury is not visible to the eye then samples from the brain are also obtained. Are such samples only taken in cases of submerged bodies, and if not, asks that you give him at least four other examples of when such samples might be taken and what might be discovered in subsequent examinations of such tissues? Such samples are taken in every-day postmortem cases of natural death as well. But the procedure is a bit more detailed and lengthy for victims of unnatural death. Not only in submerged cases but also in many other scenarios. Four of which are stated as follows: Someone dies of suspicious death without any witnesses and unexpectedly, requires autopsy legally. To find out if the victim was traumatized or drug abused. Common cases are homicide, manslaughter or murder.

What is Heathy Eating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

What is Heathy Eating - Essay Example Most people feed on everything and anything in the market without taking into consideration the effects that come along with these foods. Therefore, it is very important to eat healthy as there are many benefits related to a healthy diet. Many nutritionists and food experts have come up with ways to give information about healthy eating. Information is widely accessible in form of; books, talk shows, magazines, journals and programs. However, most people are ignorant and only take time to access this information when they are in need, especially in cases where one is sick. This should not be the case as healthy eating should be more of a routine to all for healthy living. People of all ages are to feed healthily. Healthy eating involves a variety of things to consume. Water is one of the major components of good diet. Nutritionists recommend eight to ten glasses of water per day for everyone. Water lacks calories and thus the body does not need to digest it, rather it absorbs and kee ps the body clean. It reduces sugar levels and washes off toxics found in the body. We all need water for the body to carry out its metabolic processes and other bodily processes. Other main aspects of healthy foods are vitamins, proteins and carbohydrates. Vitamins mainly include fruits and vegetables. Vegetables contain fiber that makes it easy for the body to digest bulk. Vegetables ought to be included on a daily basis. Examples of essential vegetables include spinach, carrots, lettuce, cabbages, cauliflower and broccoli. Fruits contain most of the vitamins required in the body. People need fruits daily as they too boost digestion of other foods. Examples of fruits include lemons, watermelons, pineapples and mangoes. Proteins are necessary for building the body. Most anorexic people suffer from lack of proteins. Therefore, it is vital for people to ensure there is protein in their diet for growth. Both animals and plants yield protein products. The main proteins recommended by f ood experts include beef, cheese, eggs, beans, peas, chicken and milk. Carbohydrates are the main source of energy in the body. The consumption of carbohydrates greatly contributes to the general energy amounts in the body. Examples of highly consumed carbohydrates include bread, maize, sugar, rice and pasta. A healthy diet includes three meals a day with water included. Nutritionists recommend a heavy breakfast inclusive of all the main types of food. This is because the body needs energy to run during the day’s activities. A glass of fresh juice or fruits, cereals, bread, needs to be part of people’s morning meal. The mid day meal needs to light to boost energy for the rest of the remaining hours of the day before dinner. Dinner includes foods that provide energy and nourishment and time taken being two to three hours before retiring to bed. Gottlieb, Robert, and Anupama Joshi. Food Justice. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2010. Print. This scholarly book attempts to por tray the path that has led to Americans eating fast foods instead of natural wholesome foods that are healthier. Just like most health books and journals, this book focuses on every individual and their eating culture. The book explains why most Americans eat junk and they feel bothered when the junk is not available. Convenience of these fast foods contributes to their wide market and high demand. People claim to be too busy to find time to shop for healthy foods and cook. The book also tells on how farmers who grow the healthy foods lack market as the whole society is turning to the fast food way of eating. The book fits in the topic of healthy eating because people actually know of the healthy foods but choose otherwise. Healthy eating is not common and everyone has the

Describing the main points made by the graph (one page) AND Collecting Research Paper

Describing the main points made by the graph (one page) AND Collecting data for a period of 10 years on an economic variable for - Research Paper Example Its horizontal axis illustrates percentages of respective items relative to the nation’s gross domestic product while the horizontal axis represents period in years and communicates anticipated changes in effects of tax cut. ‘Extend Tax Policies’ is one of the major variables that the graphs illustrates and it demonstrates the anticipated trend of deficit. It is shown in a deep blue colour and has varying percentage, of the nation’s Gross domestic product, over time. The cuts would reduce deficit in the short run, over three-year period, before the deficit begins to increase. The graph further shows that the Conges will continuously nullify regulations to reduce Medicare payments. Another significant feature of the graph is the interest payment that the government is likely to occur based on its borrowings. The interest also has an increasing trend and the features suggest that the proposed tax cut was not a sound move. The graph is suitable for representin g the data that aimed at comparing different variables across time. It consolidates the variables in one graph and allows for easier comparison than if the variables were represented in separate simple line graphs. The use of different and visible colours also identifies effectiveness of the graph in communicating predicted changes in economic factors following tax cuts. The audience can easily identify differences in the sizes of each segment to understand the associated changes (Rampell, 2011; Mmerrier, Logan and Williams, 2007). Part 2: Data presentation on an economic variable Gross domestic product indicates a country’s level of productivity and is one of the major indicators of economic capacity and economic growth. The Gross Domestic Product at purchasing power parity is the total value of commodity that an economy produces and is valued in United States Dollar value (The World Bank, 2012). Changes in value of an economy’s currency therefore leads to correspondi ng changes in value of corresponding gross domestic product based on purchasing power parity (Brezina, 2011). It is therefore a reliable measure of an economy’s potential for comparison with other economies for economic decisions in the international set up. Its time series analysis in an economy also offers a basis for understanding economic trends in the given economy and allows for predictions. Consideration of growth rate instead of actual values simplifies analysis and represents both increments and decrements with positive and negative signs respectively. The following data represents growth in gross domestic product for Qatar based on purchasing power parity. The data has been retrieved from Index Mundi database. Table 1: Gross domestic product growth rate for Qatar based on purchasing power parity Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Growth (%) 7.75 3.35 -0.31 3.21 16.98 -1.88 11.08 3.14 1.82 -0.01 13.73 (Index Mundi, http://www.indexmundi.com/q atar/gdp_per_capita_(ppp).html) The following table summarizes descriptive statistics for the data. Table 2: Major descriptive statistics Mean 5.35 Standard deviation 6.19 Median 3.21 Range 18.86 Maximum 16.98 Minimum -1.88 The statistics shows that Qatar had an average growth rate of 5.35 percent in the ten-year period from the year 2000 to the year 2010. The median for the data was 3.21 percent but the mean is a better estimator because it considers both rank and quantity of the yearly gross domestic

Auditor Independence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Auditor Independence - Essay Example Each time such news grabs headlines questions are raised about the expected role of auditors to be the whistle blowers on first whiff of material fraud or manipulation and if they had compromised their role by losing their independence. Investigation into reasons for Enron failure in particular revealed that its auditors had colluded with the management in weaving a web of complex financial transactions creatively to help window dress the dwindling fortunes and losses in return for hefty non audit fee. The firm was found guilty and indicted which brought about break up of one of the five largest audit firms of the world namely Arthur Anderson. Now there are only four big audit firms in the world namely, Price Waterhouse Coopers (PWC) Deloitte & Touch, KPMG and Ernst & Young, popularly known as the big four. Recently another big four firm namely Price Waterhouse Coopers' name has been dragged into another scandal of global proportions i.e., "Satyam", the software company based in India. This company had overstated its revenues for a number of years and falsified accounts to show nonexistent bank deposits. Once again the role of Auditors was reviewed and it is primarily concluded that the auditors had accommodated the management in creating the charade. The auditors responsible for signing the reports are behind bars for criminal conduct in rendering services. In Australia too there have been cases of failed entities like HIH Ltd and Harris Scarfe were both placed into administration in the 2001/2002 financial year and subsequent investigation revealed irregularities in the financial statements of both. Around the same time, the Australian companies One-Tel, Impulse Airlines, Ansett and Pasminco also collapsed, seemingly without warning, suggesting a deficiency in the corporate governance practices of these companies (Walker et al, 2008, p. 9). Just like SOX (Sarbanes-Oxley Act) of USA, CLERP 9 (Corporate Law and Economic Reform Program was enacted in response to public outcry over the seemingly expensive presence of auditors without commensurate accountability towards their functions to be discharged in an objective and honest manner. Thus a "conflict of interest" situation must be avoided by auditors. A formal enactment only strengthens and structures the conduct expected of auditors as a matter of best practice while discharging their duties. Explanatory Memorandum to CLERP 9 (4.19) states that the inclusion of an objective standard in the general auditor independence requirement is critical for enforcement purposes because objectivity, being a state of mind, is not, except in unusual circumstances, subject to direct proof. The difficulties associated with identifying a compromise of independence are also inherent in the nature of the audit process. Accordingly, the perception of auditor independence, as demonstrated by external facts and circumstances, under an objective standard takes on great importance. Main impact on audit function as a result of this legislation is summarised below: Partner rotation in all public interest entities with different partners namely engagement partner, the individual responsible for the engagement quality control review and other audit partners on the engagement team who are responsible for key decisions or

Human resources paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human resources paper - Essay Example Judgements based on the individual’s status are known to have a negative impact on those individuals with high status. This is because those who perceive themselves to have higher status than others will demand to be treated differently from those with lower status. Reducing status differences among individual is a good and important way to address the issue of individual productivity based on status. I believe more god results can be found as status is seen to have an impact on job satisfaction and procedural fairness at work. Individual’s sensitiveness with regard to approval ratings means that the moment they are made to feel inferior, automatically their self-esteem becomes broken. This mostly have a greater effect on those who posses high value status. Thus reducing this phenomenon will help cushion them in the event of them being made to feel less deserving (Lyndah et al, 2009). Personality problems too can arise when high status individuals too feel badly treated- like getting angrier or not engaging in future associations with those persons who treated them unfairly. In an exclusive study, we conducted on salespersons of electronics’ shop, we asked them how they feel when their managers and supervisors treated them according to jobs. Many said they felt mistreated while others said they felt greatly undermined more than their colleagues who had higher status than they did. This in essence showed the disparities that occur when there is an acute difference in terms of status. While it has been showed by other similar studies and research, the phenomenon is inappropriate. Human resource managers need to identify with this problem and find ways of solving it, because it has a direct impact on employee work morale. It is only fair to work in an equal environment where individuals are of equal status, where

Failure of Macroeconomic Policy and Decade Long Stagnation Case Study

Failure of Macroeconomic Policy and Decade Long Stagnation - Case Study Example Since 1990 Japan has experienced over a decade of slow growth in real economic activity. Between 1990 and 2000 per capita output raised at an annual rate of 0.68 percent, per capita investment dropped at the rate of 1.4 percent per annum and weekly hours per adult worker declined by 1.18 percent per annum. This period has come to be referred to as "the lost decade." During the same period the inflation rate, as measured by the growth rate of the GDP deflator, fell from 2.3 percent to -1.8 percent and the nominal interest rate fell from 7.4 percent to 0.1 percent. Japan's current experience of sluggish growth coupled by deflation and zero nominal interest rates raises questions about the role of monetary policy in times of deflation. Should monetary policy take actions to avoid the zero nominal interest rate bound and if so, what policies can avoid it and/or ameliorate its negative ejects? This paper deals with a model that accounts for the real and nominal facts from the 1990s and makes use of this model to answer the two questions posed above. We consider an expensive price adjustment model along the lines of Rotemberg (1996) and expand it to allow for capital accumulation. In this economy, monopolistically competitive firms face convex costs of adjusting prices. Households own the capital stock and are subject to convex costs of adjustment. ... Solving for the equilibrium is complicated by the likelihood of a zero nominal interest rate limitation. An algorithm for computing perfect foresight equilibria is developed in situations where the nominal interest rate is zero over some period of time. The model is then solved and replicated using a parameterization that is standardized to Japanese data. An impulse response analysis is used to answer the first question. We find that the dynamic response of the economy to shocks in technology and government purchases is very di.erent depending on whether the zero nominal interest rate constraint binds. When the constraint is not binding output and investment rise in response to improvements in technology under the interest rate targeting rule we mull over. Nevertheless, when the constraint binds, monetary policy cannot respond and output and investment all drop in response to positive technology shocks. A binding constraint also exacerbates the contractionary e.ects of negative government purchase shocks on these same variables. Overview of the Study First, I will analyze what is extent of stagnation and what are its evidences and proofs from economic conditions of the country. Besides this, what went wrong in demand side Second, I will examine the components of GDP which have been stagnant with reference to relevant theories. Third, I will explore the weaknesses of supply side and its relevant issue will be discussed. Background of the study From the beginning of the 1950s to the early 1970s, the Japanese economy experienced dramatic growth. Several institutional structures sustained this rapid growth. First, the stable

Understand the implications of finance as a resource within a business Assignment

Understand the implications of finance as a resource within a business - Assignment Example The estimation of cash requirements of a company and the various decisions related to the ways of generating cash is also sometimes referred to as the financial plan. Financial planning is thus important and helpful in determining the ways through which the companies can generate cash to make the various investment decisions possible for them. Cash budgeting, which is a part of financial planning, helps assess the ways in which available cash should be utilized y the company to achieve its financial objectives. Failure to arrange for adequate finance could lead to problems for the company, and it will not be able to carry on its business activities because of limited funds required for the purpose of implementing its various investment objectives. All these facts suggest that financial plan is critical to any business organization for its future growth and sustainability. Financial information of a company is generally presented through the financial statements prepared by its accountants. The users of financial information of an organisation can either be its external users or the internal users. The internal users or the users within the organisation are mainly the management accountants of the company, who use the financial information present in the financial statements of the company to make various business decisions (Sinha, 2009, p. 21). The managers of the company are also the internal users who are engaged in the activities related to planning and controlling the daily business operations of the organisation (Nikolai, Bazley and Jones, 2009, p. 7). The financial information is utilised by them to make decisions regarding internal operations to be conducted within the organisation. For example, the managers decide on the purchase of new equipment based on the financial information provided to them by the management accountants through the fin ancial

What Is Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi's Relevance on Economy, Ideology and Dissertation

What Is Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi's Relevance on Economy, Ideology and Religion in Modern Day India - Dissertation Example For instance, he took part in political protests in South Africa against the ill-treatment of Indians in that region by the prevailing government. Gandhi believed that the weak should not be oppressed by those in power and was against any political system that was oppressive1 Although Gandhi was actively persuading Indians to resist British ideologies, he was against any form of violence. He encouraged Indians to protest peacefully against British political and economic systems as well as the British approach to religion and morality. Gandhi’s ideologies led to his imprisonment on several occasions. However, many leaders made reference to his ideologies that promoted cohesion, peace and love among individuals and religions. He was assassinated for his belief by a fellow Hindu who was against his beliefs about the Muslims.2 Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi made a significant contribution to India’s economy through his ideologies and campaign for an independent economy. Many In dians supported his religious, political and economic beliefs. Gandhi was against discrimination and violation of human rights. He campaigned for unity and resistance against westernisation. His efforts yield fruits and India’s economy achieved significant levels of growth and independence. This paper examines Gandhi’s ideologies, religious beliefs and economic contribution to determine his relevance to modern India. The Relevance of Gandhi’s Economic Ideas, Ideologies and Religious Beliefs to Modern India Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi played an important role in freeing India from British colonialism. Gandhi had a political vision of a free country that had control over all its sectors including social, economic, and political sectors in India. Gandhi’s vision had a moral and economic perspective of what India would be as a free country.4 Gandhi’s personal philosophies and beliefs were adopted in many political systems across the world. For instance, human rights activists in the United States based their movements on Gandhi’s philosophies. The relevance of Gandhi’s philosophies and beliefs to modern societies has been ignored until recently. Political analysts and historians are examining the state of nations to determine if Gand hi’s ideologies are still applicable to modern societies. Gandhi was determined to lay down a foundation that would unite Indians towards achieving their economic freedom. His ideology was to prepare Indians for a self-sustaining economy.5 Gandhi was against adopting a Western economic model and according to him; such a model would not help Indian establish an egalitarian and independent economy. Gandhi argued that with the high population growth rate and poverty levels in India, a consumer economy as suggested by western countries was inappropriate. His idea of an independent economy in India was based on conservation and systematic exploitation of natural resources. Consumerism would harm India’s given its demographics and Gandhi advocated for limited consumption of the scarce resources in the country. One of Gandhi’s concerns about India’s economy was the state of the agricultural sector. He believed that agriculture would help India achieve significan t economic growth. However, his idea of a sustainable agricultural sector involved exploiting the readily available human resources as opposed to importing technology from the west.6 Gandhi’s speeches on India’s economic welfare indicated his passion for the nationals to recognise and exploit India’

Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice Essay Example for Free

Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice Essay I did not understand why I had to take a research class when all I wanted to do was be a staff nurse in a critical care unit. Research? Evidence-based practice? Why are these topics in the nursing program? I have enough to do just learning all the content in my clinical courses. What do research and evidence have to do with developing my nursing abilities? I trust the faculty, the textbooks, and clinical experience to prepare me for nursing. I’m already getting what I need to know. That was my earlier attitude. Now that I am practicing, I have a new appreciation for nursing research and the evidence it provides for application to practice. I have an entirely different way of addressing clinical questions. I’m starting to ask questions about how I can improve the care I give to patients and how I can be involved in my workplace’s efforts to improve care for the patients it serves. I have discovered by purposeful reading in my practice area that research reports and research summaries contain many implications that apply to practice in the critical care unit.  ¦ QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER WHILE READING THIS CHAPTER: 1 How can faculty encourage students to read research journals? 2 How does research affect nursing practice? 3 How can nurses motivate colleagues to base their practice on research? KEY TERMS Clinical nurse researcher (CNR) An advanced practice nurse who is doctorally prepared and directs and participates in clinical research. Clinical nurse specialist (CNS) An advanced practice nurse who provides direct care to clients and participates in health education and research. Clinical practice guideline (CPG) an evidence-based guide to clinical practice developed by experts in a particular ? eld for direct application in clinical environments. Control group Subjects in an experiment who do not receive the experimental treatment and whose performance provides a baseline against which the effects of the treatment can be measured. When a true experimental design is not used, this group is usually called a comparison group. Data collection The process of acquiring existing information or developing new information. 104 Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice CHAPTER 6 105 Empirical Having a foundation based on data gathered through the senses (e. g. , observation or experience) rather than purely through theorizing or logic. Ethnography A qualitative research method for the purpose of investigating cultures that involves data collection, description, and analysis of data to develop a theory of cultural behavior. Evidence-based practice The process of systematically ? nding, appraising, and using research ? ndings as the basis for clinical practice. Experimental design A design that includes randomization, a control group, and manipulation between or among variables to examine probability and causality among selected variables for the purpose of predicting and controlling phenomena. Generalizability The inference that ? ndings can be generalized from the sample to the entire population. Grant Proposal developed to seek research funding from private or public agencies. Grounded theory A qualitative research design used to collect and analyze data with the aim of developing theories grounded in real-world observations. This method is used to study a social process. Meta-analysis Quantitative merging of ? ndings from several studies to determine what is known about a phenomenon. Methodologic design A research design used to develop the validity and reliability of instruments that measure research concepts and variables. Naturalistic paradigm A holistic view of nature and the direction of science that guides qualitative research. Needs assessment A study in which the researcher collects data for estimating the needs of a group, usually for resource allocation. Phenomenology A qualitative research design that uses inductive descriptive methodology to describe the lived experiences of study participants. Pilot study A smaller version of a proposed study conducted to develop or re? ne methodology, such as treatment, instruments, or data collection process to be used in a larger study. Qualitative research A systematic, subjective approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaning. Quantitative research A formal, objective, systematic process used to describe and test relationships and examine cause-and-effect interactions among variables. Quasi-experimental research A type of quantitative research study design that lacks one of the components (randomization, control group, manipulation of one or more variables) of an experimental design. Randomization The assignment of subjects to treatment conditions in a random manner (determined by chance alone). Secondary analysis A research design in which data previously collected in another study are analyzed. State-of-the-science summary A merging of ? ndings from several studies concerning the same topic. Examples include meta-analysis with a quantitative approach and integrative review with a descriptive approach. Survey A nonexperimental research design that focuses on obtaining information regarding the status quo of a situation, often through direct questioning of participants. Triangulation The use of a variety of methods to collect data on the same concept. LEARNING OUTCOMES After studying this chapter, the reader will be able to: 1 Summarize major points in the evolution of nursing research in relation to contemporary nursing. 2 Evaluate the in? uence of nursing research on current nursing and health care practices. 3 Differentiate among nursing research methods. 4 Evaluate the quality of research studies using established criteria. 5 Participate in the research process. 6 Use research ? ndings to improve nursing practice. 106 UNIT ONE The Development of Nursing CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter provides basic knowledge regarding the research process and the ultimate importance of evidence-based nursing practice. The intent is to inspire an appreciation for nursing research and to show how it can improve nursing practice and how results can be translated into health policy. Nursing research is de? ned as a systematic approach used to examine phenomena important to nursing and nurses. A summary of major points in the evolution of nursing research in relation to contemporary nursing is presented. A description of private and public organizations that fund research is given, and their research priorities are listed. Major research designs are brie? y described, and examples of each are given. Nurses of all educational levels are encouraged to participate in and promote nursing research at varying degrees. The process of locating research and evidence for practice is reviewed. Students are introduced to the research process and guided in the process of critically appraising published research and research syntheses. Ethical issues related to research are examined, and historical examples of unethical research are given. The functions of the institutional review board (IRB) and the use of informed consent in protecting the rights of human subjects are emphasized. DEFINITION OF NURSING RESEARCH Research is a process of systematic inquiry or study to build knowledge in a discipline. The purpose of research is to develop an empirical body of knowledge for a discipline or profession. Speci? cally, research validates and re? nes existing knowledge and develops new knowledge (Burns and Grove, 2007). The results of research process provide a foundation on which practice decisions and behaviors are laid. Research results create a strong scienti? c base for nursing practice, especially when deliberately and carefully evaluated for application to speci? c clinical topics (Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt, 2005). In recent decades the nursing discipline has begun to pay much greater attention to the necessity of participating in research. Nursing research is a systematic approach used to examine phenomena important to nursing and nurses. Because nursing is a practice profession, it is important that clinical practice be based on scienti? c knowledge. Evidence generated by nursing research provides support for the quality and cost-effectiveness of nursing interventions. Thus recipients of health care—and particularly nursing care—reap bene? ts when nurses attend to research evidence and introduce change based on that evidence into nursing practice. The introduction of evidence-based change into the direct provision of nursing care may occur at the individual level of a particular nurse or at varied organizational or social levels. In addition to nursing research aimed at affecting the direct provision of nursing and health care to recipients of nursing care, nursing research also is needed to generate knowledge in areas that affect nursing care processes indirectly. Research within the realms of nursing education, nursing administration, health services, characteristics of nurses, and nursing roles provides evidence for effectively changing these supporting areas of nursing knowledge (Burns and Grove, 2007). Today the importance of nursing research to the discipline is recognized. However, much nursing history underlies the current state of acceptance. EVOLUTION OF NURSING RESEARCH Nursing research began with the work of Florence Nightingale during the Crimean War. After Florence Nightingale’s work, the pattern that nursing research followed was closely related to the problems confronting nurses. For example, nursing education was the focus of most research studies between 1900 and 1940. As more nurses received their education Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice CHAPTER 6 107 in a university setting, studies regarding student characteristics and satisfactions were conducted. As more nurses pursued a college education, staf? ng patterns in hospitals changed because students were not as readily available as when more students were enrolled in hospitalaf? liated diploma programs. During this period, researchers became interested in studying nurses. Questions such as what type of person enters nursing and how are nurses perceived by other groups guided research investigations. Teaching, administration, and curriculum were studies that dominated nursing research until the 1970s. By the 1970s more doctorally prepared nurses were conducting research, and there was a shift to studies that focused on the improvement of patient care. The 1980s brought nursing research to a new stage of development. There were many more quali? ed nurse researchers than ever, widespread availability of computers for collection and analysis of data, and a realization that research is a vital part of professional nursing (Polit and Beck, 2006). Nurse researchers began conducting studies based on the naturalistic paradigm. These studies were qualitative rather than quantitative. In addition, instead of conducting many small, unrelated research studies, teams of researchers, often interdisciplinary, began conducting programs of research to build bodies of knowledge related to speci? c topics, such as urinary incontinence, decubitus ulcers, pain, and quality of life. The 1990s brought increasing concern about health care reform, and now in the twenty-? rst century, research studies focus on important health care delivery issues, such as cost, quality, and access. Research ? ndings are being used increasingly as the basis for clinical decisions. Evidencebased practice (EBP) can be de? ned as the process of systematically ? nding, appraising, and using research ? ndings as a basis for making decisions about patient care. The rise of technology and the worldwide access and ? ow of information have transformed the decision-making processes of practitioners. Helpful informational websites for busy practitioners are listed in Box 6-1. No longer do nurses simply compare outcomes of patient care with other units in the B O X 6–1 Helpful Websites l f l b i National Guideline Clearinghouse—resource for evidence-based clinical practice guidelines www. guidelines. gov US Department of Veterans Affairs Clinical Practice Guidelines www. healthquality. va. gov AHRQ Healthcare Innovations Exchange—innovations and tools to improve health care www. innovations. ahrq. gov/index. aspx The Evidence-Based Medicine Education Center of Excellence—extensive list of databases, journals, and textbooks http://library. ncahec. net/ebm/pages/resources. htm U. S. National Institute for Health Consensus statements http://consensus. nih. gov Centre for Evidence-Based Nursing, based at University of York—United Kingdom www. york. ac. uk/healthsciences/centres/evidence/cebn. htm The Joanna Briggs Institute, based at Royal Adelaide Hospital and the University of Adelaide, Australia—multiple evidence resources for practice www. joannabriggs. edu. au Cochrane Center—resource for evidence-based clinical practice guidelines www. cochrane. org 108 UNIT ONE The Development of Nursing same hospital. Nurses and other health care professionals are more likely to look for solutions, choices, and outcomes for patients that represent the best available knowledge internationally (Hamer and Collinson, 2005). RESEARCH PRIORITIES Why set priorities for research in the nursing discipline? Can nurses do research in areas that match personal areas of interest? The answer to the second question is, yes, certainly. But nursing exists to provide high-quality nursing care to individuals in need of health-promoting, health-sustaining, and health-restoring strategies. The main outcome of research activity for a nurse is to eventually put the knowledge gained to work in health care delivery. Research priorities, often set by groups that fund research, encourage nurse researchers to invest effort and money into those areas of research likely to generate the most bene? t to recipients of care. Of course the funding opportunities offered by such groups do not hurt the research enterprise either. Research costs money. Thus nurses engaged in research often match personal interests with funding opportunities that are available during the planning phase for a proposed investigation. Two major sources of funding for nursing research are the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) (formerly known as the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research [AHCPR] and reauthorized as AHRQ by Congress in 1999). Both of these organizations are funded by federal congressional appropriations. Private foundations and nursing organizations also provide funding for nursing research. National Institute of Nursing Research As part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the NINR supports research on the biologic and behavioral aspects of critical health problems that confront the nation. The NINR’s research focus encompasses â€Å"health promotion and disease prevention, quality of life, health disparities, and end-of-life† (NINR Strategic Plan 2006-2010, 2006). A small sampling of potentially supported research topics includes those aimed at: ? Determining disease risk and treatment through utilizing genetic information ? Determining effective health-promotion strategies for individuals, families, and communities ? Discovering approaches that encourage people to effectively take responsibility for symptom management and health promotion ? Assisting in identi? cation and effective management of symptoms related to acute and chronic disease ? Improving clinical settings in which care is provided ? Improving the quality of care giving in settings such as long-term care facilities, the home, and the community ? Understanding predisposition to disease, socioeconomic factors that in? uence health, and cultural health practices that either protect from or expose to risk for health problems ? Improving symptom management for those at end of life The areas of research emphasis published by the NINR are useful guides for investigators developing proposals but are not considered to be prescriptive in nature. Investigators bring to bear their own unique expertise and creativity when proposing research in harmony with NINR priority research areas. Annually the NINR conducts a roundtable discussion with multiple nursing organizations to obtain the feedback of the disciplines regarding the need for continued or new research Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice CHAPTER 6 109 emphases. Information obtained is used in setting future research agendas and making decisions about funding of proposals submitted by researchers (Of? ce of Science Policy and Public Liaison, NINR, 2009). The NINR website details current announcements regarding research priorities (www. ninr. nih. gov/ResearchAndFunding). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality The AHRQ broadly de? nes its mission as â€Å"improving the quality, safety, ef? ciency, and effectiveness of health care for all Americans† (AHRQ, 2009a). As an agency of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, the AHRQ’s health-related aims are to reduce the risk of harm by promoting delivery of the best possible health care, improve health care outcomes by encouraging the use of evidence to make informed health care decisions, transform research into practice to facilitate wider access to effective health care services, and reduce unnecessary costs (AHRQ, 2009a). Since the inception of the agency in 1989, strategic goals have centered on supporting improvements in health outcomes, strengthening measurement of health care quality indicators, and fostering access to and cost-effectiveness of health care. The 1999 reauthorizing legislation expanded the role of the agency by directing the AHRQ to: ? Improve the quality of health care through scienti? c inquiry, dissemination of ? ndings, and facilitation of public access to information. ? Promote patient safety and reduce medical errors through scienti? c inquiry, building partnerships with health care providers, and establishment of centers for education and research on therapeutics (CERTs). ? Advance the use of information technology for coordinating patient care and conducting quality and outcomes research. ? Establish an of? ce on priority populations to ensure that the needs of low-income groups, minorities, women, children, the elderly, and individuals with special health care needs are addressed by the agency’s research efforts. The research-related activities of the AHRQ are quite varied, but a recent shift emphasizes a more deliberate translation of research evidence into practice. In a process similar to that used by the NIH, investigators are invited to submit research proposals for possible funding through grant announcements. A listing of current areas of the agency’s research interests can be found online at www. ahrq. gov/fund/portfolio. htm. The AHRQ actively promotes EBP, partially through the establishment of 14 EBP centers (EPCs) in the United States and Canada. EPCs conduct research on assigned clinical care topics and generate reports on the effectiveness of health care methodologies. Health care providers may then use the evidence in developing site-speci? c guidelines that direct clinical practice. AHRQ also actively maintains the National Guideline Clearinghouse (www. guidelines. gov), an website that makes available to health care professionals a wide array of clinical practice guidelines that may be considered in health care decision making. Another recent addition to AHRQ’s initiatives is the Healthcare Innovations Exchange (2009b), which provides a public source of information about innovations taking place in health care delivery. Submitted innovations are reviewed for the quality of achieved outcomes, providing evidence as a foundation for decision making by others who may be searching for or considering similar innovations. Although most AHRQ activities are intended to support health care professionals and institutions, the agency supports health care recipients by designing some information speci? cally for dissemination to the lay public (AHRQ, 2009a). 110 UNIT ONE The Development of Nursing Private Foundations Federal funding is available through the NIH and the AHRQ. However, because obtaining money for research is becoming increasingly competitive, voluntary foundations and private and community-based organizations should be investigated as possible funding sources. Many foundations and corporate direct-giving programs are interested in funding health care projects and research. Computer databases and guides to funding are available in local libraries. In addition, grant-seeking enterprises often purchase subscriptions that allow computer access to enhanced listings of funding foundations that include information about the types of projects those foundations typically fund. Though subscriptions are expensive, costs are often balanced by the ef? ciency with which suitable funding prospects are identi? ed. An example of such a service is Prospect Research Online (www. iwave. com). Private foundations, such as the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2009a, 2009b) or the W. K. Kellogg Foundation (2009), offer program funding for health-related research. Investigators should be encouraged to pursue funding for small projects through local sources or private foundations until a track record is established in research design and implementation. After several years of experience in the research arena, investigators are more likely to be successful in securing funding through federal sources, such as the NIH. Nursing Organizations Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI), the American Nurses Association (ANA), and the Oncology Nurses Society (ONS), are a few of the nursing organizations that fund research studies. STTI makes research grant awards to increase scienti? c knowledge related to nursing practice. STTI supports creative interdisciplinary research and places importance on identifying â€Å"best practices† and benchmark innovations. Awards are made at the international and local chapter levels. The ANA awards small grants through the American Nurses Foundation. Specialty nursing organizations offer grants to support research related to their specialty. For example, the ONS awards grants that focus on issues related to oncology. To summarize, multiple potential sources of funding are available for research projects. The individual or group wishing to conduct research will need to carefully develop a proposal, search for a possible funding source, and submit the proposal. Libraries and the Internet provide ample information about the many foundations and organizations interested in funding research endeavors. Most research institutions establish of? ces that help in the search and procurement of funding. Thus researchers are supported in their work of knowledge building. COMPONENTS OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS The research process involves conceptualizing a research study, planning and implementing that study, and communicating the ? ndings. The process involves a logical ? ow as each step builds on the previous steps. These steps should be included in published research reports so that the reader has a basis for understanding and critiquing the study (Box 6-2). STUDY DESIGNS Study designs are plans that tell a researcher how data are to be collected, from whom data are to be collected, and how data will be analyzed to answer speci? c research questions. Research studies are classi? ed into two basic methods: quantitative and qualitative, two distinctly different approaches to conducting research. The researcher chooses the method based on the research question and the current level of knowledge about the phenomena and the problem to be studied. Quantitative research is a formal, objective, systematic process in which numeric

The Effectiveness Of Hay Groups Reward System Business Essay

The Effectiveness Of Hay Groups Reward System Business Essay This paper aims to examine and evaluate the reward system that Hay Group, a global management consulting company, develops to meet its clients needs. Specifically, the compensation and benefits system of the organization is analyzed and discussed in depth, by investigating the internal processes toward this function and by assessing how the reward system affects the overall performance of Hay Group. The performance of the reward system Hay Group has developed for its clients is evaluated by examining the results that clients experience (i.e. size, profitability, reputation, market share, competitiveness, equity value, and leadership position) Company Description Company Information Hay Group is a human resources consulting firm operating globally, which aims at dealing with people-related business issues, while transforming the clients strategy into reality. Specifically, it is a global company operating since 1943, composed of over 2600 specialists working in 85 offices in 47 countries, focusing on helping private, public or non-profit organizations realize and understand their potential. Areas of Expertise The Company helps its clients by designing and analyzing jobs, dealing with their reward system (i.e. compensation and benefits) as well as developing performance and talent management systems. Achievements Hay Group has managed to become the leading company in the industry it is operating. The depth and breadth of knowhow not only has made customers trust the recommendations it provides, but also has become the reason for further achievements. Hay Group gains ground thanks to the database of organizational management information it has built, which has been awarded as the worlds most comprehensive and rich database in the related field. The creation of Hay Job Evaluation methodology, which is used worldwide by over 8000 companies, is one of Hay Groups most significant accomplishments, which offers international recognition. Hay Group, through this method, stresses the link between business success, employee motivation, reward, and employee contribution in the business strategy of the company. Specifically, it wants that firms reestablish discipline within compensation programs and better align pay with value creation; to ensure that Hay Group tries to develop reward programs that reflect each organizations business strategy and serve the needs of both firms and employees (HayGroup, 2001). Hay Group Compensation and Benefit Function Hay Group has employs a range of methods to develop its reward system, on which the clients compensation system is also based on. The various components that Hay Group uses in developing compensation and benefit systems are divided into five groups: Reward Strategies Job Evaluation Total Reward Framework Reward Information Services Benefits Reward Strategies Each company needs a reward program that should be in alignment with the overall business strategy and organizational culture. Only through this alignment a firm can ensure that both employees and the organization itself each fulfill their needs. Hay Group when dealing with its clients, it tries to provide a reward strategy that creates real business value. One of the first steps is to set up a salary system, which is an essential tool that companies must consider if they want to retain their employees. What actually Hay Group does, is to balance the technical, business and behavioral factors involved in remuneration. It does that by working closely in an ongoing basis with employees of the client company, something that helps Hay Group understand the firms business strategy, model, overall culture, resource capabilities, and current reward system. The demographics of employees are then investigated and according to these, priorities for salary management programs are set. After doing so, potential base salary equity issues are analyzed, the competitiveness of the firms salary program is measured and finally, Hay Group the salary program is communicated to the firms members to guarantee the programs clear understanding. Hay Group is promoting the idea of the developing a reward architecture, which is a method to define why people are paid. By answering the question what you reward your people for, the company focuses on employees (i.e. demographics and needs of different groups), controls costs and ensures that the right message is delivered to employees. By conducting employee surveys aimed at the determination of what is valued most and by looking at results, Hay Group helps in determining whether reward system outcomes are aligned with the firms reward strategy. Investigating whether the compensation system stands in a satisfactory level in respect to competitors is also part of Hay Groups tactics. Benchmarking its clients as well as it selfs reward system is an effective technique to identify if remuneration is competitive enough to recruit and retain personnel. To achieve that Hay Group provides access to PayNet, a database that enables companies to benchmark pay and benefits, interpret data, make comparisons, identify implications and uncover potential issues in respect to their reward system. It is significant to mention that Hay Group when developing reward systems, it distinguishes reward objectives in respect to short-term or long-term incentives. Short-term incentives usually include efforts toward culture cohesion, commitment, engagement and specific team targets, while long-term incentives involve the alignment of rewards with shareholder interests, retain of people and competitiveness of the compensation system. Total Review Framework Compensation systems must be aligned with the overall strategy of the company and represent the business reality in order to be effective. Hay Group, to have a clearer understanding of its clients reward systems, engages in a holistic model, presented above, which has as a starting point the strategy of the firm. untitled.bmp Through this model Hay Group can better understand the current remuneration program of its clients, and then develop the appropriate base salary that represents the firms requirements and reward strategy. Job Evaluation Job evaluation is a significant component in measuring and determining the value of jobs within an organization, a technique that helps in the establishment of the pay structure. Hay Group has developed a number of job evaluation methodologies; to enhance its efforts it created Hay Group Spectrum, a practice considered to be the next generation HR solution. As mentioned by Aspasia Voulgari, one of the Managing Consultants of Hay Group based in Athens (Greece), Hay Group realized that companies started losing the real value of understanding their work with the application of job evaluation by following a fragmented approach; this, emphasized the necessity for creating a more holistic approach that combines reward decisions, talent management and structuring work. Jobs, employees, performance, structure and pay can be connected, and, in that way, work measurement, work alignment, work fit, and work value are united. st.bmp

Conflict Resolution Bedtime Stories English Literature Essay

Conflict Resolution Bedtime Stories English Literature Essay In this story, it tells how much young people are innocent and are easy to trust others by telling them the actual truths which may even get them into big troubles. The one greatest conflict in this story is that trusting a stranger who asks a lot of information from the little red riding hood and her being unaware of the dangers, letting the stranger know about the information being asked. Thus, it tells how people should not just trust anyone who tries to be too nice when they actually their intention is to dig out their desired information and facts. But it is true that having such conflicts and trusting others is inevitable. Therefore, it has to be practiced and slowly get used to solving these kinds of conflicts. People in conflict pursue goals and also wonders what each person does, and who they are in relationship to each other during the interaction. The little red riding hoods goal was just to go and give the food, being asked by her mother to the grandmother who is sick and lives in the woods. She was somehow using the collaborative goal when answering back to the wolf who was asking her too much information about her. It was simple and a clear goal, but it was not for the wolf whose goal was different from the girls. Its intention was to get as many information as possible it can get and to try to go and eat the old lady in the woods and even try to eat the little girl up too. Therefore, we can see that when we come across many different people, they all come with their own different goals and in order to achieve the various goals they do things and find different ways to gain whatever they want. The do not try to give way to others and try understanding others which may lead to selfishness. They also try to gain power and sometimes the most powerful behavior is to appear to be able to accept but also resist, or even act in a nonresistant way. There are different types of power, namely; reward power, punishment, legitimate, charisma and expert. The person who is in conflict and the style of solving it would differ from that of who is not involved in it, since the styles develop over a lifetime based experiences. The girl in this story should rather forgive the wolf for being this cunning because it has already happened and no one can actually rewind the past and change whatever it has happened. And forgiveness is not a sign of weakness too and requires movement, which helps a person to shift from the situation and even forget about it. In this case, it also invites the reconciliation process to gain back the cooperation and a sense of harmony. If the girl did not trust a stranger like the wolf, this would not have caused the unnecessary danger to her grandmother, and her and the hunter to appear in the picture to have helped them. Top 2: Three Little Pigs In the story of the three little pigs, the conflicts are that the big bad wolfs mindset of trying to destroy the little pigs and eat them up. As all the conflicts are about two issues; power and self-esteem, the big bad wolfs intention is to gain power by trying to show others that he is possible of destroying anything that he wants to. Also, in order to get a higher level of self-esteem for him by doing such things. Power in accustoming relationships is not finite; it is an expansive commodity. Power is something that does not stay constant and something that keeps on changing. The more you try to escape, ignore and resent against someone, the less power you are to show upon or have with that person. Collaboration is also almost always possible in order to solve a conflict and the misunderstandings among the two parties or more. The interest of the wolf in this story was to show the little pigs what he is capable of and how much power he has by blowing the houses that the little pig s have built. From my point of view, showing power was the main source of intention from the wolf rather than its hunger and interest of eating up the little pigs. This story gives the children a lesson to always be in harmony, united and be alert all the time to overcome the unexpected dangers and that one should try again and again until you succeed without thinking of giving up. And to create a different ending from the given story, the little pigs could have built the house in bricks from the very first time they were brought down or blown away by the wolf to prevent from being in danger again and again. Top 3: Pinocchio From the story Pinocchio by the Walt Disney, the little children could learn it is bad to go around and tell lies which bring no benefit to self and only brings ones own image down. From what I can think is the conflict with Pinocchio and the storyline is that the conflict within himself and covering up what he actually is rather than telling the truth, he might also be afraid of being judged by people of him being made of wood and also the desire to become a real human being, travel around all he wants and join a puppet show. For Pinocchio to transform into a normal human being, just like all of us, he is required to prove that he is a brave and a boy who is truthful and does not tell lies, but what he actually doing was lying around when he travels on his own. He knows that he has to be truthful to people for him to become fully human being, but that was not what he was doing. Therefore, it does not help him to achieve his goal of becoming a human being. The solutions become inclear and even unrecognized if one does not know what they want, which means that the only clear goals can be attained. Clear goals can also be altered even more easily rather the unclear goals and the clear goals are reached more often than the unclear or vague goals. And also, people often create difficulties by thinking on their own that their goals can never be achieved and tend to think that the other party will stand in their way. From the five types of power, Pinocchio seems to have been in punishment since his father, who c reated him as a puppet from wood was swallowed by a whale, as he was the one who was lying to people. The conflict styles are also designed responses, or even a group of styles of behavior that people use in conflict. And tactics are the moves made by people and their individuality which brings out their general approach. Top 4: Jack and the Beanstalk From this story of Jack, who gave his cow in exchange of five seeds that would grow and become a tall stalk of beans learns to get a great deal which has its own time and catch for when it is about time. Thus, it also tells or conveys a message to people that one should not be too impatient and worry too much about something that is not going to happen any soon. Worrying or being impatient about things not only takes away your present precious moments, it also drains your energy from thinking and worrying about unnecessary things. The conflict that Jack has is that he has to be afraid of the ogre and try his best not to be caught by that ogre, and on the other hand, he has to get all the riches from the ogres house too, which has a golden harp and also a chicken which can lay golden eggs. Jack seems to have been in desperate need for all these rich things in order for him to escape and get out of his poor and filthy lifestyle. He also has to manage the conflict well to be able to get all the things he wants from the ogres house. Effective conflict management is one aspect of interpersonal therapy, which also is a well-researched counseling technique for dealing with depression. People in conflict may be fearful, resentful, angry, hopeless or even stressed. It is abruptly normal and usual for people who are in conflict to have disagreements. But for Jack, who was trying to get the valuable things from the ogre had to manage himself. In addition, conflict exists whenever incompatible activities occur an action w hich prevents, obstructs, interferes with, injures, or in some way makes resolution less likely or less effective. But in the end, what matters the most is the perception of the person who is in or to be in conflict and the ways of seeing things from a different perspective. Goals are also perceived as incompatible usually because the parties want either the same things or different. People usually tend to engage in conflict over goals that are important to them. They would not really care about these goals if they had no concerns, interests, or importance to them. No one actually cares about something that does not interest or bores them. This story could not end better even if it were to be given a new ending, since it has shown the children that Jack was smart enough to remember to cut the bean stalk to prevent the ogre from being able to follow him. Top 5: Cinderella Cinderella is a well-known fairy tale from the Walt Disney ever since a very long time ago. It has become one of the most amazing and interesting tale that children long to watch, listen to, or be exposed to. From this renowned fairy tale of children, the Cinderella; everyone who has watched, seen or heard about this fairy tale knows that she was actually being brought up with one stepmother who does no good to her and only gives her hard times, treats her very unfairly, bullies her for so many times, and makes her life even more miserable and harder despite the fact of having to stay with not only just a stepmother but with also two other daughters of hers. Those two daughters of her stepmother do not do any good to her too and all they do or wish is for her to disappear from their lives and bullies her to the extent of being unable even to explain what she has been going through and how she feels about herself to have a life where she has been locked up like a maid or servant to th e stepmother and the two sisters. The conflict between these two sisters and the stepmother was that of being unable to see some other people being better than them or being able to carry out things that they are unable to. This can also be called as the self-conflict which lies, comes or happens only within their self. It is something that has to be solved by them, which cannot be done by others. These two sisters and the stepmother actually know and believe that the Cinderella was way better than in appearance, abilities and even charm that they cannot make up to. But, on the other hand, they have issues in accepting that the little Cinderella is better than them. Therefore, all they try doing is to bring the poor Cinderella down from every possible angle they could rather than thinking or planning how to be like the little princess. In addition, being unable to accept what has been said, written or what actually is, is the main reason and the source of all the envies and jealousies for people to get hurt, being hurt by others, or self-inflicting and depressing state of mind, which can even be related to psychological terms like being in the self-defense-mechanism mode, where one tries to polish or cover up what he/she actually is and try pointing at others faults in order to outshine others charms instead of being kind, humble and simple by trying hard by themselves. According to the story, Cinderella is seen as a very simple, gentle, kind and polite and even forgiving to others since she is the one who has a great and an amazing set of mind even though she has been mistreated for all these while her whole life. Since forgiving is a state of moving out from the usual unpleasant moments of life, Cinderella forgave those who has mistreated her for good and also in order for herself to move on to another pleasant l evel of her own life. Top 6: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs From another tale of Walt Disney; The Snow white and the seven dwarfs, many lessons are being given to the little children who are more likely to be addicted to the Disney cartoons and fairy tales. Snow Whites life turned upside down when her dad remarried with a woman who was known as the most famous and the most beautiful woman in town, who turned out to be the most evil queen of all kingdoms. From the moment the little Snow Whites father; the kings passing away; she was left with this evil Queen, who was also her stepmother. The queens conflict within herself was her own insecurity from comparing herself with the little snow white, because she believed that she has to be the only fair and the most beautiful woman of the entire entire kingdom. She could not accept that the little snow white was as white as snow and as pure as pearls. The evil queen did not want to give the power of the kingdom to the little snow white too. She was already getting old and her health was already deteriorating. She has always had tough times accepting all these and just giving the kingdom to the little princess. From all this unfortunate fortunes, the little snow white somehow escaped from the miserable jealous queen and came to live with the seven hardworking dwarfs who helped and loved her truly and took care of her. But as to the queens persistence, she turns herself into an old lady and offered snow white a poisonous apple. As soon as snow white consumed a bite of the apple, she instantly fell unconscious. But due to her being kind-hearted to people and staying simple, good fortune looked upon the poor snow white that the seven dwarfs chased the queen to the top of the mountains, the thunders and lightning stroke the place and to the little princesss luck, the queen ended her life. Even though the little snow white fell unconscious, her prince charming came and gave her the loves first kiss which woke her up and rescued her. Thus, we all can learn that how much ever you are being in deep tragedies, or your life has not been good in any situation, you just have to hold on, keep your mind simple and all the positive good fortunes will come to you all at once. Top 7: The Hare and the Tortoise This old story of the hare and the tortoise can give all the children who usually dreams of becoming somebody that is famous and powerful a great lesson to be humble all along in life. It is not being famous and powerful that matters, but it is of being humble. If you are being too ignorant and arrogant just because you get to be famous, the fame surely will not last for long. As it is the natures phenomenon that everything comes back down once it gets way higher up where it has a limit, and the same thing will happen for those who become too ignorant of things around you by getting powerful. In the story, due to the hares over-confidence and being too arrogant, it lost to the tortoise in a race, which also is ridiculous for a fast-running hare to lose to a small-speeded tortoise in a race. This proved that the hare was trying to overpower the tortoise which was already slower than it is in doing things. It was also trying to show the power it has upon this tortoise and believed itself that it would definitely be the winner of the race. Power is something that has to do with the social relationship rather than a quality of the individual and that is not owned by any individuals but is a main product of any social relationships in which certain qualities become more important and valuable to others. A person who think or take themselves and tries to show that they are the most powerful to outsiders are usually and often are people with less power than they appear. As we all could see from the hare and its over-confidence, it took itself way too high and fell asleep under a tree in the middle of the race thinking the tortoise would never make it to the stop. This was the act of looking down at someone who is already in lower power than you. Being humble takes account in this case and reminds not to look down on anyone and to stop being too proud of ones self. Top 8: The Ant and the grasshopper This story is a great piece that can be shared to both the little ones and the youngsters who are on the path of spending money and looking for pleasure. The point of spending money lavishly only lasts for a certain period of time but it never lasts longer than the short while. It can only give you pleasure just for a little while that you would not even get to taste what it feels like to actually gain pleasure and be happy about spending a large amount of money. According to this story of the ant and the grasshopper, the grasshopper was the one who always spent a lot more than the ant, enjoyed life, had fun and used up all it had. But on the other hand, the ant was being thrifty and hardworking. It also saved up for its own good and looked far way ahead of the future to be able to face any unexpected terms, just like the saying, expect the unexpected. This is the only way and the most important fact to bear in mind to overcome any unexpected when you are to really face them on the hand. The grasshopper then died of being cold and also due to starvation when the winter came while the ant survived the season from being prepared and saved up the corns during summer for it to be able to cope with the weather and face the natural danger of the changes of the seasons. We can also say that the ant survived due its avoidance of the grasshopper from persuading it to join itself from happily enjoying life, wasting time and spending all it has without putting a tiny bit of effort in the lifesaving strategy. If the grasshopper were to work hard just like the ant did and save up what is needed to protect it from the unexpected, it would not have ended its own life to the unbearable weather and its coldness. Top 9: The Ugly Duckling From one of the best bedtime stories, the ugly duckling story was also a great one to be shared with the children for them to learn from the storyline which expresses that the mere physical appearance do not matter all the time and only appreciating ones inner beauty brings out the best in others and in yourself in every possible and positive ways. It is about self-esteem and confidence when dealing with others and improving ones life rather than just on the basic looks of a person. Someone only with the appealing appearance and without any charismatic or inner beauty leads to nowhere. The most important thing in life is to appreciate every little thing and be grateful of things that happen around you for those brings you the best in you and teach from falling apart or prevent you from feeling like a failure when everyone elses perception is that you would never be able to hold on to when it comes to a certain point where life brings you down for different reasons. This ugly duckling was being ostracized from its fellow fowls just because of its unpleasant appearance. But then when the turning point of this ugly ducklings life comes, it finally grows into a beautiful swan, and that is the moment when the others who abandoned this beautiful swan from being a part of them are to look at it in awe. Thus, this story stresses young children and even the adults who read these stories for the little ones to appreciate the inner beauty and the talents that shows the importance and the mindset of someone, rather than just the physical appearance. Top 10: The Boy who cried wolf This fable of the boy who cried wolf is a very good example for those youngsters who amuse them by scaring others and seeking for attention and making fun of the elders. This story is also known as the Shepherd boy and the wolf, in which the bored shepherd boy calls out people as if a wolf was coming to attack the village. When all the villagers slowly stopped trusting him when they found out to their disappointment and that it was just a false alarm whenever he cried out as a wolf was coming to attack, they all stopped paying attention to him. The boy lost his life one day when the wolf really did come to attack even though he cried out for help, not even one villager paid attention to what hes been crying out help for. This teaches a great lesson for all the youngsters who just amuse themselves by scaring others and giving false alarms on dangers and things that are important to be notified. This great piece of story also tells people to always tell the truth. Once you start lying about something and see people being satisfied with your lies, you continue without even realizing or noticing yourself. But when it comes to a point where they no longer believe in your lies, and start finding out the truth, they start loathing you and decide never to trust you again.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee - The Importance of Atticus Finch :: Kill Mockingbird essays

The Importance of Atticus Finch in To Kill A Mockingbird  Ã‚  Ã‚   The core character of a novel is responsible for maintaining the stability of society within the novel, exhibiting qualities of a true hero, and constantly emphasizing the novel’s central themes.   In the classic, To Kill A Mockingbird, Atticus Finch serves as the core of the novel by displaying a character of stability, humility, and high moral standards.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Atticus Finch is a character of stability in an unstable society.   He is a balanced figure who is able to cope with the unreasonable and highly emotional town in which he lives.   He can manage the prejudiced white masses and still deal justly with the underprivileged Negro population of Maycomb.   He is one of the few people who understand the individual worth of a person regardless of the color of his/her skin.   This enables him to defend Tom Robinson based solely on the concept of justice and equality.   In his closing argument, Atticus explains that, â€Å"there is one place all men are created equal.   That place is in a court room† (Lee 205).   This justifies the fact that Atticus believes in equality in a society, the equality not only of race, but also of sex, class, and religion as well.   His view of equality and justice is a symbol of his own psychological stability throughout the novel.   Accordingly, in the final analys is of the story, Atticus represents the â€Å"justice† in the community of Maycomb.   His stability throughout the book is one of the many characteristics that depict Atticus Finch as the novel’s core.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a town of such undeserved glory, Atticus Finch is the one character who is worthy of glorification.   Yet, his humility further illustrates Atticus as a man of pure stability.   Surrounded by the self-righteousness of others, he is able to remain emotionally grounded.   Atticus Finch is a highly accomplished man of great intelligence, but even greater meekness.   For example, during one of their chats with Miss Maudie, Scout learns that her father’s childhood nickname was â€Å"Ol Shot† (Lee page #), which referred to his unbelievable marksmanship.   When Scout becomes excited about telling all of her friends about her father and his incredible talent, Jem says, â€Å"I'd reckon if he wanted us to know he’d a told us.   If he was proud of it he’d a told us†¦ but Atticus is a gentleman†¦and people in their right minds never take pride in their talents† (Lee 98).

Aruba :: Free Descriptive Essay About A Place

Aruba Aruba’s culture is a collection of values, beliefs, and traditions from several nations over hundreds of years. The language, architecture, schooling, language, festivities, and folklore have made the Aruban natives the people they are today. The native population has ethnic roots in Arawak, African, and European peoples. This is evident in the local foods, architecture, celebrations, and languages. There is also a mix of expatriates from Europe, the Caribbean, and Latin America working in various industries on the island. Culturally, Aruba has strong ties to Holland; it’s colonial occupier and present-day partner in the Netherlands kingdom. The official language of the island is Dutch, seen on street signs, government documents, and several local newspapers. Most people of Aruba, particularly those in the tourism business, speak English . There are four languages spoken overall there and they are Dutch, English, Spanish, and Papiamento. Papiamento is not a dialect but a language that is evidence to the many influences of older languages and Aruba’s culture and traditions. It has traces of Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, French and local Indian languages. It is a language that began in Curacao in the 1500’s in an attempt to help slave owners communicate with their slaves. It’s a comparatively easy language to learn with a limited vocabulary and a spicy rhythm that makes it â€Å"fun†. The challenging aspect of Papiamento is the importance of proper emphasis on the right syllable. If this is done incorrectly another meaning to the word intended may be interpreted. Some examples of Papiamento are as follows; Very good is Hopi bon, Good Morning is Bon dia, Good Afternoon is Bon tardi, Good Evening is Bon nochi, and Have a good day is Pasa bon dia. Even with a limited knowledge of Spanish an d French, one can find similarities and traces of the two within these few phrases . The education system of Aruba has established the same standards to those employed in the Netherlands. Teachers communicate with their students primarily in Dutch. English is required of students by the fourth grade and many become fluent in their early adult years. Spanish, French, and German are three other languages offered to students while attending school. On the island, school facilities include a secondary education, a teacher’s college, a law school, and technical and training establishments.

The Purpose of Dreaming While Asleep Essay -- Neurology Sleep

Dreams are a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. In our dreams we can portray ourselves as anything, we can go anywhere and do anything. There are many types of dreaming methods such as, daydreams, recurring dreams, nightmares, epic dreams, prophetic dreams, and lucid dreams and so on. You spend six years of your life dreaming. There are five reasons why we dream: so we can satisfy our wishes, to file away memories, to develop and preserve neural pathways, to make sense of neural static, and to reflect cognitive development. We satisfy our wishes through dreaming. Dreams present a psychic protection valve that releases otherwise unacceptable feelings. If dreams are symbolic they could be understood any way you wish while on the other hand, others state dreams hide nothing. While you dream you file away your important memories and new skills. You also dispose useless information from your day. Sleep deprivation has affected many people and have resulted in impaired speech, memory lost, and problem solving skills. If you don’t get decent night of sleep after you learn new materials, you won’t incorporate it efficiently into your memories. We dream to develop and preserve neural pathways. A neural pathway attaches one part of the nervous system with another and typically consisted of bundles of elongated myelin-insulated neurons. A number of researchers hypothesized that dreams may also serve a physiological meaning. There was a possibility that the brain activity connected with rapid eye movements (REM) sleep presents the sleeping brain with interrupted motivation. We dream to make sense of neural static. Other assumptions suggest that dreams go off from neural ... ... to be with his significant other, Sofia. Dreaming is a complicated instrument used by the best of our civilization to make themselves and this world a better place. To dream is a powerful method. Visions and thoughts come from your dreams. Novelists, writers and poets make their dreams into stories. Artists and musicians discover dreams for their motivations. Dreams assist us to discover answers to our everyday dilemmas and view things from a different viewpoint. References Myers, D. G. (2004). Exploring psychology Dreams, New York: Worth Publishers. Lucid dreaming. (1994). In lucidity Institute. Retrieved November 10, 2010, from Lucidity Institute: http://www.lucidity.com/LucidDreamingFAQ2.html#LD Dreaming. (1994). In Dream Information. Retrieved November 12, 2010, from Lucidity Dream Moods INC.: http://www.dreammoods.com/dreaminformation/

Workplace Problems

A: Britani Franklin, Kellie Johnson, Jennifer Vendura, & Rob Vendura PSY/435 August 7,2013 Carla Kuhiman I/O Psychology and Workplace Problems Many individuals struggle with feeling overworked on the job. Unbalanced workloads lead to several negative aspects that can hurt an organization’s ability to function as a cohesive unit. In this analysis, Team A will relate Kellie’s issue of feeling overworked. Team A will then choose a research method that will best solve the issue, while applying more specific methods to gain the clearest picture possible of the problem at hand.Finally, Team A will relate the ethical considerations that must be iincluded in providing an applicable solution. Work Related Problem: Unbalanced Workload- Kellie Speaks Working in one of the largest school districts in Colorado, one would think the communications department would be at the top of the priority list when it comes to the number of people they would have to keep those gears moving. Being a five-year veteran of the establishment, I have seen people come and go. I am what you call the utility player.I spend my day trying to figure out what everyone else needs to be happy. My technical job title is ‘Community Relations Coordinator. ’ I spend 40 to 50 hours a week supporting the public information officer and the community relations officer- setting their meetings, filling their calendars, and reminding them of what they need to do and where they need to be. I need to make them look good. A great deal of my job consists of answering the phone for them and the Superintendent of Schools.These phone calls usually are upset parent's that want to talk about why little Johnny didn’t get into the special art class they requested or, ‘did you realize there is 3 inches of snow on the ground and why didn’t we cancel school today? ’ I also have two videographers that I have to send out to shoots at locations tthroughout our 900 mile distric t. We have over 84 schools. The Superintendent runs the district like a Fortune 500 company. This can have its positives and negatives. I understand that having over 6,000 employees could compel an individual to run things like this- but ometimes it can also make it very impersonal. I am the only support staff these people have. I do, however, get a 3o minute lunch that I usually take at my desk. This is usually a delicious frozen entree or leftovers of some sort that I bring from home. Even when I skip lunch I still cannot find enough time in the day to finish my tasks, which mearns they get pushed back to the next day. This can be very frustrating as the tasks pile up. By the end of the week, sometimes I have more than I started with and I end up taking work home.For these reasons, my case is relevant to the study of I/O psychology; unbalanced workloads are not limited to my job and solutions to this will be welcomed by individuals in every employment sector. Analyzing the Issue: Research Method(s) If Team A was composed of Industrial/Organizational psychologists, we would begin our analysis of Kellie’s workplace problem with a research question. Research questions can be general or specific, but to ascertain a better understanding of the problem a specific question is of greater benefit (Spector, 2012).To this end, our research question would likely be ‘What is causing employees to feel overburdened by an unbalanced workload? ’ In this way, Team A has defined the objective of the study and identified the specific problem at issue (Spector, 2012). Our next step is to decide what research method is most appropriate in addressing the issue. Although a thoroughly balanced study generally includes qualitative and quantitative research methods- with quantitative methods used to garner empirical support for qualitative findings- Team A will opt to employ only qualitative methods at this point (Mahoney ; Goertz, 2006).We must also take into acco unt that the issue will be perceived differently by employees, supervisors, and ourselves as the psychologists researching the issue (Stagner, 1982). Our research question has a high degree of subjeactivity; what is considered too much work by one employee can be considered entirely manageable by another. For these reasons, Team A will use more than one method of qualitative research with the goal of reaching a realistic and applicable solution. Qualitative methods involve several mearns of studying organizational issues.Among these are observational studies, case studies, interviews (Spector, 2012). Team A will begin by conducting structured oral interviews of employees and supervisors. In this way, we will begin to paint a broad picture of the issue with the goal of identifying different employee perspectives to be reconciled through other research methods in the future (Rojon, McDowell, ; Saunders, 2011). Conducted face to face with staff members, Team A will pose specific questi ons in the interviews.Likely questions include: What is your hourly wage or salary? How many hours per week do you work? What are your specific tasks and duties? Do you have support staff? Does your company have an employee break/lunch ppolicy and if so, is it enforced? Do you have one supervisor, or do you report to several? Do you feel you have adequate technological resources and/or support? How well do you get along with your fellow employees? How many, if any, tasks are left incomplete each day? Why are those tasks left unfinished?Although the above list of questions is hardly exhaustive, Team A will get an idea of the varying perspectives bound to be held by different employees in this manner. Following the collection of interviews, Team A will attempt to interpret the results through content analysis (an evaluation of the details and implications of the aanswers received) and thematic analysis in which recurring themes among responses will be identified (â€Å"Siop. org†, 2013). Because Team A wants to get the clearest picture of the issue possible, observational research methods will also be used.Team A will rely on the participant observation method whereby we will become members of the workplace group by conforming to the collective culture of the cohort. In this way, sharper insight will be gained into the cohort’s methods, group and individual motivation, behavior, and emotions (Mahoney ; Goertz, 2006). This method has inherent problems Team A will try to avoid. For example, observer bias can come into play; events are often interpreted through the lens of an individual’s unique experiences and are not always objective in relation to solving problems.Team A is also aware of the problem of reaactivity- a phenomenon by which an observer inadvertently influences the environment he or she is observing (â€Å"Ucdavis. edu†, n. d. ). Team A hopes that by utilizing structured oral interviews and participant observation enough d ata will be gathered in relation to the problem of an unbalanced workload. The data gathered will then be subjected to more quantitative methods to garner empirical support for our findings (Mahoney ; Goertz, 2006). Tthroughout the process, Team A will remain cognizant of the ethical considerations to be taken into ccount. Ethical Considerations When considering the problem of unbalanced workloads in the workplace, Team A came across some ethical considerations. According to Industrial and Organization Psychology, there are six ethical codes an I/O psychologist must consider when researching an issue (Spector, 2012). These are competence, integrity, professional and scientific responsibility, respect for others and dignity, concern for others’ welfare, and social responsibility. Competence describes the work an I/O psychologist has the ability to perform.Integrity describes that an I/O psychologist is fair and honest when he or she deals with others. Professional and scientif ic responsibility describes an I/O psychologist’s ability to maintain professional behavior. Respect for rights and dignity describes that an I/O psychologist respects the confidentiality of other’s privacy. Concern for others’ welfare describes an I/O psychologist’s attempt in helping others through professionalism. Social responsibility describes that an I/O psychologist uses his or her professionalism to benefit society (Spector, 2012).In studying these principals, Team A decided that the ethical considerations most important in this research case are competence, professional and scientific responsibility, and concern for others’ welfare. Competence in this research case is the most important ethical consideration. To begin, Team A has to make sure that they are all willing and able to carry out this study. In being competent, one shows that he or she is able and ready to carry out tasks necessary to complete and carry out the goal- which is in this case how to remedy an unbalanced workload in Kellie’s workplace.The second consideration, professional and scientific responsibility, is important because in researching this case it may be easy to gain biased opinions of views. It may be hard to remain unbiased and consider how the people being overworked can benefit from figuring out how to give the people being underworked more tasks. Team A could easily gain a biased opinion of those not carrying their weight and slant the research unfairly. In remaining professional, all parties will be heard and spoken for, and professionalism can help to make sure that happens.The last element, concern for others’ welfare, is the best way to describe how Team A can come to a conclusion in this case study. The main goal is to make life easier for those in the workplace. Team A believes that helping those who do not carry their weight mearns to show them the value of hard work and how they can continue this lesson in life to better themselves. That is what this last ethical consideration entails. Team A, as professionals, commits to the ethical consideration of using their professionalism to help and better others.In this case study, the end goal is to help and improve others by taking some pressure off those who have been given heavy loads of work and giving more work to those individuals deemed underutilized. In conclusion, Kellie is hardly alone in feeling overworked on the job. Although Kellie’s story is a common one, solutions need to be found. In this analysis, Team A related in detail the ways in which Kellie feels overburdened at her place of employment. Team A then went on to choose qualitative research methods, including structured oral interviews and participant observation, to further analyze the issue.Finally, Team A highlighted specific ethical considerations- competence, professional and scientific responsibility, and concern for others’ welfare- to take into account while c onducting research on the issue. References Mahoney, J. , ; Goertz, G. (2006). A tale of two cultures: Contrasting quantitative and qualitative research. Political Analysis, 14, 227-249. Rojon, C. , McDowell, A. , ; Saunders, M. N. (2011). On the experience of conducting a systematic review in industrial, work, and organizational psychology: Yes, it is worthwhile.