Evaluating Human resource management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Evaluating Human resource management - demonstrate ExampleBut quite often a distinction is drawn between the Human Resources solicitude (HRM) and the labour management concentrating on the industrial relations of the large enterprises. However in the context of globalisation the pressures exerted on HRM and labour Management initiatives have re all(prenominal)y tiltd the nature and scope of these distinct functions. Changes in IR practices (rather than in institutions and systems) such as increase collective bargaining at enterprise level, flexibility in relation to forms of employment as well as in relation to working time and stock functions have occurred as a result of such factors as heightened competition, rapid changes in products and processes and the increasing magnificence of skills, character reference and productivity. (S.R.de Silva)These factors also seem to have an impact on the policies and practices of the HRM. In this context this paper presents an overview on the problems of labour management to the extent it affects the growth and progress of an organization and the role of the HRM in providing effective solutions to the problems cosmos encountered in the labour management.Enterprises driven by market pressures need to include in their goals improved quality and productivity, greater flexibility, continuous innovation, and the ability to change to respond rapidly to market needs and demands (S.R.de Silva). Such heighten organizational goals increase the efforts and commitment of the HRM in realizing the management goals. For this purpose the HRM has to shift its focus to largely expect on individualism rather than collectivism that result in the alignment of the pay systems to the individual execution and skill sets. Thus realizing the improved organizational goals call for an effective change management, larger involvement of employees, increased commitment from the employee side, provision of more training, soliciting more employe e participation to exhibit team work and cooperation which are all the important HR initiatives. At the same time all these can be viewed as authorization industrial relations issues needing an effective labour management. With this increased responsibilities The dominant position towards which HRM is moving points to achange in power relations and highlights the supremacy of management. The management prerogative is rediscovered but in place of mold and control the emphasis is on commitment and control as quality, flexibility and competence replaces quantity, task and bleak obedience. To put it another way the managerial agenda is increasingly focused on innovation, quality and represent reduction. Human resource management makes more demands on employees, work is intensified .... there is less direction for managerial slack and for indulgency patterns. (John Purcell)3.0 Objectives of Labour Management and HRMIn order to have an appreciation of the ways in which HRM can provid e solutions to the labour management issues, it is important to understand the basic objectives of the labour manage

Thurgood Marshall Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Thurgood marshall - look Paper ExampleThurgoods mother, Norma Arica marshal was a schoolteacher and also the first black adult female to graduate from the Colombia Teachers College, New York. At the early shape up of six, he started his schooling in the Douglas High School. He was always known as a B grade average savant in his entire school life. In the stratum 1925, he went to Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. Thurgood received his virtue education from the Howard University Law School in Washington D.C. (Pena, Thurgood Marshall). It was also said that by the age of 16, Thurgood had memorized most of the establishments of the US, which signified his potentialities to become an influential justice of the US Supreme Court (United States Postal Service, Thurgood Marshall). THESIS STATEMENT The thesis intends to present a biographic study of the early life, initial rush and later professional life of Thurgood, the first African-American Justice of the US Supreme Court. The focus of the thesis also emphasizes the contributions of the Justice in the formation of the Civil Rights as included in the US Constitution and his entire journey throughout. To be precise, a detailed study of his life including his family background and his beginning of the locomote as a judge has been covered in the thesis. NOMINATION OF THE JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT Initially, afterwardwards the completion of his studies in the Howard University Law School, he became the Chief Counsel of the National Association for the Advancement of washed-out People (NAACP). Later, in 1954, he was official in the US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit by John F. Kennedy. Also in the year 1965, he was engaged in the Office of the US solicitor General being elected by the President Lyndon Johnson. It is worth mentioning in this context that Thurgood Marshall had already won 14 cases out of 19 on behalf of the government in the Supreme Court, before his nominating address in the Sup reme Court in the year 1967 (Friedman 1-4). It was President Lyndon Johnson who had put up Thurgood for the designation of Justice in the US Supreme Court. Thurgood was nominated to succeed Associate Justice Tom C. Clark after his retirement. He was appointed to the US Court of Appeals in the early 1961, but due to many controversies raised the Southern senators, his nominating address to the Supreme Court judge was not confirmed. The controversial issues were majorly reported as related to racial inequality, wherein the delve involved the whites, commonly as opposers to the nomination of Thurgood and the non-whites, as defenders. Finally in the month of July 1967, Thurgood was again nominated for the Supreme Court. Thurgood was confirmed with 69 votes in his favor on August 30th in the year 1967. After two days of the event, Thurgood Marshall was handed over with the position by Chief Justice Earl Warren and thus, became the first African American judge of the Supreme Court (A&E Television Networks, Thurgood Marshall appointed to Supreme Court). President Johnson had once stated that Thurgood had already acquired his significant position in the history of the US and the country will be blessed by his services in the court, which after his 10th death anniversary also remains an undisputable truth. After his confirmation as a Justice in the US Supreme Court, he became one of the major supporters to the legitimate rights of labor, development of women in every dimension and racial

Critically review so called push and pull system of control for supply Essay

Critically review so called push and tie system of control for planning images in the automotive sectore - Essay ExampleIt is pretty transparent that the production process will most certainly be geared towards producing those items that are in great demand as any business entity tries to shorten the working capital cycle as a good deal as realistic so as to generate maximum amount of profit in the shortest possible time frame. But there is one other element that affects the overall profitability of any organisation, and that is the slew of capital employed. As any student of management accounting is aware of, the quantum of capital employed in plant and machinery is more or less uniform across an industry as all players mainly opt for the latest technology so as to enjoy maximum levels of operating efficiency. So, there is non much to differentiate between the competitors in that regard. But the area where the leaders leave the stragglers behind is supply chain management and stock certificate control. If a proper and taut control over inventory is not maintained, the level of capital employed can never be brought down while keeping the useable efficiency intact.These days the management gurus are looking beyond the narrow and immediate confines of inventory management and are looking at managing the supply chain as a whole. Supply chain attempts to view the whole production process as a seamless entity that begins with market research for flop evaluating consumer demand and follows the flow of inputs and answers through the production process right till the time when the perfect product reaches the final examination consumer. Thus this is a wider concept that includes all the stakeholders right from the supplier that supplies raw materials to the final consumer that buys the product to satisfy a particular need. In between of course lie the producer, the labour and the service inputs from the tertiary sector of the economy. A supply chain in

Action, Goals and Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Action, Goals and Benefits - raise ExampleIt is our most valued possession. While pursuing an bringing up, we pull up stakes certainly run into obstacles along the way. However, by having a clear vision of our goals and a well-developed vestments of study we can clear any hurdling that are placed in our path. Though the pace of to twenty-four hour periods world makes an direction seem difficult, it can be made easier by following some simple rules.One of the first things we come across when we begin an fostering is that there just doesnt seem to be enough snip in the day. Its important to recognize that education is the priority. An awareness of my goals can be the best aide in setting a entry for my activities (Managing Your Time). It whitethorn mean giving up a Sunday football game. I may have to come with a couple less hours of sleep now and then. Managing my time will require me to make a schedule that will take priority over most of the other events in my life. Sticki ng to my schedule will be easier if I concentrate on my goals and my reasons for getting an education. I hope to improve my authorship skills in this class and become a better communicator. The ability to write successfully will invoke my professional opportunities as well as project me a sense of personal accomplishment.My current life style and schedule is an obstacle that I need to form around. I work 12 hours a day and set aside Sunday for church. At first glance, it seems that I only have Gen hundred and maven Action, Goals and BenefitsSaturdays to study. However, I can read during my lunch breaks at work. I can set aside an hour each(prenominal) night dedicated to my studies. Vince Lombardi once said that hard work is the price we pay to achieve our goals (cited in Determination Quotations). I can extend my study period on Saturday by 2 hours and work in an additional 2 hours on Sunday. This will give me an additional 14 hours of study time each week. It may mean some p ersonal sacrifice, but eventually it will become a habit and will be almost unnoticed.By applying myself to my studies and keeping to my schedule I should see significant progress throughout the course. I expect my writing to become easier and clearer. The library will open my sound judgment to new opportunities and interests. I expect that my schedule and study routine will become a habit that will transfer to my other courses in the future.I plan to continue my education at the University of genus Phoenix after I finish this course on March 7, 2007. The path to a degree will besides bring about increased opportunities and positions in my employment. Aside from benefiting from an increase in salary, it will also give me greater self-esteem. Education is a continual process of self-improvement and that improvement will return in every part of my life. Whether at work, at home, or in a social situation, an education shines through and makes the whole world a little brighter.To su m it all up, my education is important to me and it is a crucial gait on my path to self-improvement. This course will give me the tools to write better, read better, Gen 101 Action, Goals and Benefitsstudy better, and develop a greater sense of personal management. Though my schedule may be packed, I can find ways to set aside the time I need to study. By keeping my goals on my mind, its easy to make education a priority. Small sacrifices now can realize big rewards later. My plan is to focus on this program and continue to study at UOP. It will give me a greater chance for career advancement and offer me better economic opportunities. Education is the one thing you always carry with you and no one can take from you. This course is a step in acquiring that very valuable

Corporate Communications of Marriott Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Corporate Communications of Marriott - judge ExampleThose ideas quickly find their way into the hands of members of the team at HQ who can all solve the problem or spread the word about a good concept that works.Managers requisite to understand the basics of the companys products and serves to manage with depth. For many years their chief financial officer and separate non-operations executives have been required to attend the companys food school to gain a bit of hands on experience with the products and services that form the basis of Marriotts world.Mr. Marriott recounts that his dad particularly enjoyed talking to his employees. Marriotts corporate legend is complete of stories of his father perched on a hotel lobby sofa, audience to the family problems of one of their associates while senior managers cooled their heels waiting for him to cash in ones chips to the office. He confirms that the stories ar true. His Dad felt very strongly that the concerns and problems of t he people who worked for him were always worth listening to.In his eyes, a successful company puts its employees first. Mr. Marriott says I couldnt agree more than. When employees know that their problems will be taken seriously, that their ideas and insights matter, theyre more comfortable and confident. In turn, theyre better equipped to deliver their best on the job and to the customer. Everyone wins the company, the employee the customer.The philosophy of putting employees first is particularly important in the hospitality industry, because Marriott is in the people business, not righteous the service business. Customers are not just affected by the tangible parts of the business yet the intangibles as well. If the people who are responsible for supplying that human touch are unhappy, tired, stressed, poorly trained, or otherwise distracted, theyre probably not going to do a good job. On the flip side, if employees are content, confident, and generally happy with themselves and the job, their positive attitude will be felt in everything they do.The Marriott Pathways to Independence is employer-sponsored social welfare reform done right. An employer needs to stay involved with new employees to help them overcome their failure points. separate areas of success over-managing by design and work-life programs. He recounts many ways in which these tasks have become more daunting as the nations hourly workforce has become more multicultural in makeup. Many of their hourly associates must cope with complicated immigration procedures, interpersonal cultural clashes, and social discrimination, in addition to the pressures of nestling care, elder care, substance or domestic abuse, or housing problems.To that end, Marriott started a toll-free consultation service for their associates staffed by social workers who field questions and find solutions to just about any problem. And they can do it in more than 100 languages. They rolled out the 800 Associate Resour ce Line (ARL) on a bailiwick basis in 1996, after a two-year regional trial run. Although the program is based on intensive studies of their associates needs, the thinking behind it is actually pretty simple. At heart, its really just a higher-tech variance of Mr. Marriotts Dads

Reading Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Reading - Assignment ExampleThe yeasty beginning on how to defeat cramming is to review lessons constantly even just for few minutes. But reviewing itself rump sometimes be boring or taxing so the creative solution to this consistent to Higgins hail is to make it fun to defeat boredom. How can we make studying fun? We have actually make it several times by doing a group study that is like a picnic. Studying suddenly transforms to a small picnic, hanging out or chill event whither we learn while we are having fun. Yes the pranks and the jokes and the crazy stories are still there but the important thing is that everybody reviewed their lesson without even knowing it.The creative Problem Solving (CPS) here is to make studying fun so that we are engaged in it early and thus avoid the problem. The convergent thinking or the single correct solution here in the problem is to review long before the exam. The divergent thinking is creative approach to the solution which is to make it fun by doing group studies where we could also hang out while

Colonialism Conceptualization of Masculinity Essay

Colonialism Conceptualization of maleness - Essay ExampleThese necessitated the need for colonization or loftyism as a source of raw materials for industries, labor, and food market for finished products. This consequently led to scramble for colonies by the European nations such as Britain and France culminating into endless wars in the midst of nations and also with the colonized as they seek their freedom. Success depended on the military lastingness of the nation in terms of weapons and soldiers. The matter for concern in this paper is how gender, sexuality and race played a theatrical role in this imperialism. The colonists needed strong dedicated men to fight for the country thus the construction of the innovation masculinity as the key to success. The paper will thus focus on how colonialism conceptualized masculinity and how imperial masculinity was constructed. It will also look at the reality of colonial man comp ard to image and the dangers constitute to manhood by colonialism. Lastly, it will compare and contrast the colonial manhood with the native manhood. In attempt to achieve this, the paper will argue that the relationship between imperialism and masculinity was not only out-of-pocket to the opportunities of adventure and economic progress, but also due to the pattern of gender relations within the European countries especially Britain. For many men, it was a way of escaping the feminized and demoralizing home atmosphere (Tosh 1995, 82). ... Men are innate(p) masculine in nature and this involves being strong, aggressive, decision makers and protector. On the other hand, women are viewed as are being naturally soft, being caring, nurturing and such qualities. The society using these qualities conceptualizes masculinity as being quality that feminity men are supposed to protect women in society. Is this the same criteria used by colonists to conceptualize masculinity? To a certain extent, this criterion defines masculine men but some other attributes are created by Europeans. The defeat of Britain in Anglo-Boer war of 1899-1902 was attributed to physical incapacity leading to conception of colonialism masculinity (Tosh 1995, 72). The men intricate in the war were considered degenerates since they did not have the qualities needed for a soldier such as strength and good health. According to Baden-Powell (184), men who contributed to the downfall of the Roman Empire were found to have declining standards of strength in terms of weight and height and health they were four inches less in 1895 than the men of 1845 who were 5 ft 6 inc in height and 6 pounds under average weight (184-185). What were the attributes of masculinity according to British and France? For the colonists, being strong was not the only measure of masculinity. One had to be brave, determined, exert continence, be equal to(p) to regulate bowel movements, self-discipline, and self- sacrifice or be ready to suffer for the sake of the nation and e xercise endurance and be loyal to his country (Baden-Powell, 185). For Aldrich (126) the ideals of masculinity and colonialism include warfare, liberty, manliness, patriotism and success. Masculinity in colonialism though may have been attained

Economics questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economics questions - Assignment Examplenew or used durable good, the splendor of branding and quality in her decision, and her decision to purchase an item that has a guarantee or see to it . A risk-averse customer leave behind trade savings for decreased risk she will thus be less likely to buy used goods, good she perceives to be of an inferior quality or brand, and to a greater extent likely to invest in a durable, expensive good which in its price includes a endorsement or service guarantee for a period of time. .b. 10 marks A refrigerator company includes a warranty that provides for free service and repairs during the first two years of ownership of any new refrigerator. The number of describe repairs rises after the warranties are introduced. Explain why this has occurred, referring to both the concepts of moral hazard and adverse selection.This phenomenon can be understood using the concept of moral hazard, in that customers who perceive the warranty to be free or incl uded in the price of the good, readiness capture purchased a refrigerator with or without a warranty, implement the cost of using that warranty once they have purchased the good to be zero. Therefore, problems that might otherwise have been tolerated (such(prenominal) as cosmetic defects), or repaired at the cost of the consumer (such as small parts) are now reportable, warranty-covered repairs.This phenomenon might also be explained by adverse selection, namely that under certain conditions customers and vendors may have derivative instrument access to information. Customers may be aware of conditions they intend to expose the refrigerator to (such as extreme heat) that will likely shorten its lifespan or durability, but which the vendor and guarantor of the warranty is unaware of. Customers with such undisclosed intentions may be more drawn to manufacturers offering warranties and thus become over-represented in creation of customers once the warranty is introduced.c. 5 marks In order to solve the problem of excessive repair requests in (b), the

Effect of Poverty on Women's Healthcare Research Paper

Effect of Poverty on Womens Health direction - Research Paper founthealth, it becomes imperative to identify and disclose health disparities related to gender and economic level so that set aside actions are taken to help the needful. In this article, feminization of poverty and the health effects of poverty on women is discussed.It is a well known fact that the health of women is not only determined by biological factors but also by several social factors, the most important of which is poverty. In fact, 2 off of either 3 women in the world are plagued by poverty leading to an array of clinical problems same malnutrition, anemia, easy fatigability, increased susceptibility to infections and even premature death (Cohen, 1994). Though several organizations like the World Health Organization have asserted that health is a fundamental right of every human being irrespective of sex and other aspects, several women are being denied of this right and the chief(prenominal) cause for this happens to be poverty. It is very important to tackle poverty of women for the purpose of long term winner of the child poverty strategy of the Government (WBG, 2005). In this essay, the impact of poverty on the health care of women will be discussed through review of appropriate literature.In several countries like even highly-developed countries like Canada, the poverty rates of women across all age groups is higher than in men. One of the main reasons for poverty among women is their dependency for living. In many races, women are not provided enough education and this leads to poor vocational opportunity and poverty. Many researchers favour the link between education and poverty (Zaki and El-Deeb, 2004). Also, many women cannot get diligent full-time because of the responsibilities they have towards their children, husbands and elderly people at home. Lack of awareness which is more predominant in those belonging to lower socio-economic group is another major factor that i nfluences health. In a study by Ailinget et al (2009), it was found that poor women had lower

How the Hubbell telescope is an innovation in science Essay

How the Hubbell telescope is an basis in science - Essay exercisingThe Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is 43.5 feet (13m) long and weighs a massive twenty-four thousand five hundred pounds (11,110 kilograms). The (HST) is preferably complex as even the main reflective mirror on the inside is seven feet decennary inches (2.5m). It still today holds the title of the most impressive telescope ever built. During its cycle of rotation, this 2.2 billion vaulting horse unit can orbit planet Earth more than fifteen times the hours in angio exsin converting enzyme twenty-four hour day. It is capable of transmitting heavy amounts of information data equivalent to filling ten thousand floppy disks completely full. On April twenty-fifth nineteen ninety, a theoretical astrophysicist Lyman Spitzers interrogation proposals of a working space telescope became a reality as the space shuttle find deployed the Hubble Telescope into space. Being named after the great Edwin Hubble himself, it began on its course of data collecting that would forever flip-flop the way that the scientific community analyzed astronomic data and measurements.Capturing some of the most incredible photos, the Hubble has do many successful discoveries including helping scientist to determine the age of the universe. Thus far the massive Hubble Telescope has polished many feats. From the discovery of black holes to the probing of several different galaxy centers, the (HST) continues to prove to be an innovation to science providing answers to profound and complex astronomic equations. A major difference that distinctly separates the Hubble Telescope to be in a league of its own is the fact that when using earth bound telescopes, scientist could not all the way see the objects that were deep in space because light from the atmosphere causes fuzzy images and distorts the light waves within the macroscopic spectrum of the telescopes view. The Hubble however, was created with the power to

Points To Consider Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Points To Consider - Article ExampleThis is evident how Finn decided not to knife thrust through with his passe-partout plan because his inmost being is telling him the other things to do which have the prefatorial foundation on his core values. Societies and organizations have varying values which could be influenced by culture. These values are also their guiding principles on how they act in the attainment of their organizational goals. Twain successfully depicts this stopover in his novel. What alternatives does Huck explore in making the conclusion? First, Huck tries to weigh everything and put it to a substantial logical reasoning. He sets enough time to ponder on probable consequences of his future actions. In the same way, finale-makers act in the same path because decisions are crucial as they could lead someone or a group to consequences and other related results. Second, Huck organizes the facts as he recalls past actions. He evaluates past actions together with th e prevailing conditions and he finally is able to come up with a decision that he inescapably to consider. How does he evaluate each alternative? By considering the probable implications of his actions, Huck in his own little way successfully evaluates each of his alternative course of actions. In todays contemporary time, decision-makers assess the degree of significance of an alternative by trying to consider the associated strength and weaknesses. In the case of Huck, he all has the effort of initiating an assesment of an implication whether it could bring an advantage outcome or not. He successfully creates this by looking at the entire perspective on the prevailing life of his friend, Jim. why does he reverse his original decision? After he passes on the issue that he needs to consider, Huck evantually sees the entire perspective. This becomes possible because he gives considerable amount of time considering his probable decisions. He changes his original decision because he a cquires the opportunity to see the right perspective base on his conscience and awareness on the entire issue involved. In the same way, in real-life application, we tend to change our original decision if it would come to our senses that there is other better point of view. Points to Consider Can you think of contemporary situations akin to the one described in this essay where a leader feels compelled to make a decision based on what others will think of him or her? This is evident among politicians, especially in democratic nations where there is a need to elect an officer to be chosen by the masses. The candidates just like in the US will be effrontery an opportunity to make their own stand on a given issue or situation. In some cases, some politicians would eventually consider the prevailing trend, especially the credence of the massess to increase their chance of acceptance and approval. The bottom line, they at some point are compelled to make a decision based on what ot hers will think of them. Obamas stand on same-sex maarriage issue could at some point be a specific example. How can a leader overcome the pull to make a decision that he or she knows is not the best decision? Leadership is near influencing others and most especially creating followers and not only mere subordinates. Leaders should therefore create a culture that is flexible to change so that when there is a need to

Tourism Utah National Parks - Zion Research Paper

Tourism do National Parks - Zion - Research Paper ExampleZion has some specific geological features that distinguish this guinea pig set from others. Zion is located at Colorado Plateau. Zion is characterized by a feature c anyed Grand Staircase that make as a result of uplift, tilting, and erosion of rock layers (The geology of Zion). Zion situates near the sea level and is seen as a flat basin in appearance. The eroded muds, sands, and gravels from surrounded mountains reached the basin and shaped Zion. It formed various layers at Zion. The mineral-laden waters gradually filtered through the accumulated sediments and thereby the functioning of cementing agents like iron oxide, calcium carbonate, and silicon dioxide have played a great role in transforming the deposits into stone (The geology of Zion). The volcanic activities at Zion arena allowed the lava flow and cinder cones to form. In addition, there are ranges of other geological phenomena frequently occurring in the reg ion. As discussed above, Zion National Park has many fascinating geological as well as ecological features that coax bulky number of clickors to the park. Stynes reports that in 2006 there were 2.57 million recreation visits in Zion internal park. Since thousands of people visit the park daily, all of them do not get staying facilities at park lodges. Therefore, several people play on local lodges, motels, and cabins. In addition, the visitors greatly rely on local industries as they cannot get all their requirements inside the park. It greatly contributes to the sustainable growth of the local economy. For instance, as Stynes asserts, $113 million spent by park visitors assisted the economy to generate 2,432 job opportunities and increase the sale revenue to $143 million. The park itself employed large number of people and still creates new job opportunities. Hence, the Zion Park has considerably enhanced the overall education of the local economy. There are several common is sues that affect national parks including Zion. Majority of the national parks cannot use their resources to their fullest because of various reasons including lack of money, staff, and coordination (Top 10 issues facing national parks). National parks contract to preserve the historic buildings and architectures as it reflects the culture of America however, its maintenance costs are very high. In recent days, the areas surrounding national parks are being largely used for agriculture and dungeon purposes and these activities have adversely affected the wildlife to a large extent (Top 10 issues facing national parks). impertinent species invasion whitethorn affect parks ecological balance as this process causes the extinction of natural species. In addition, construction activities also have become threats to the existence of national parks since these activities may lead to adverse environmental changes. Human caused noises also have a negative impact on the wildlife and it wo uld negatively affect the sustainability of the national parks. At this juncture, the Soundscape Management becomes inevitable for the national parks. In order to hold dear the naturality of Zion national parks, various measures have been adopted. According to Havnes, these policies main intention is to protect the attributes of sound and thereby advantage the wildlife and nearly 3 million annual visitors to the park. As the writer describes, the park has been using ultra late technologies to

Value Chain Model Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Value Chain Model - Research Paper ExampleThe principle look of hearable is to integrate literate listening so much that it becomes the core tool for anyone who is seeking cognition to be more productive and well informed. Audiles collection is massive. Its collection includes any over 85,000 strait programs that have come from above 1000 content providers. These content providers vary from audio carry publishers to broadcasters to entertainers to magazines to newspaper publishers to business information providers. The content can be easily downloaded and played back on various wireless mobile devices. Audible is also the leading provider of for audio products for Apples iTunes Store. (About Audible) Audibles Value Chain Activities According to Porter(1885), the core value chain activities argon as following 1. Inbound Logistics 2. Operations 3. Outbound Logistics 4. Marketing and Sales 5. Service Inbound logistics include few core value chain activities such as receiving the raw materials and stocking them in warehouses. After stocking in their warehouses, the materials are distributed to the distribution and from there to manufacturing. Audible is an online throw in that delivers digital content. It delivers audio content and its stock includes DVDs at the most. Hence, its warehouses are designed to keep CDs and DVDs. Its core business model enables nodes to shop, purchase and download audio content from their online store, www.hearable.com. The trading operations include customizing the audio content to the standards that run at audible adding the audible logo on the audible media content and copy-right protecting. Out bound logistics dont involve brick and mortar here. The customers are given the opportunity to download their desired digital content on the media of their choice. Marketing and Sales involves coming up with customer needs and targeting them for sales. Audible markets itself through online media, social media and through the online big wig, Amazon.com. Audible has a toll eject number through which customers can get in touch with their customer services department. (Value Chain Model) The simple activities in value chains are a combination of various things. These include the infrastructure of the firm, its tender resource management, its technology development, and its procurement. Audible is strategically aligned with Random House Inc for the production and publishing of audio content. Audible uses various technologies to support value creation for its business. Audible cut down on all the brick and mortar expenses such as paper, printing, warehousing and shipping by opting for online delivery that not just ensured that the customers were instanter delivered but were also offered a wide ray of DVDs to select from. Moreover, Audible also created value allowing the authors to nickname in their own voices. Eventually the population and the masses started with drawing themselves from books because they found themselves too busy to read. Audible offered them the opportunity to become accustomed to reading amidst their busy schedules. They weaned away from books and started looking up to digital content available to them to read. Before this audio publishers found it difficult to ship physical products. An online shop store made it possible for them to come out of that limitation. Audible was the first company to center its

Unit 4 Discussion Board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Unit 4 Discussion Board - Essay ExampleCreating the f all apart of association with the followers in all likelihood derive all other associated activities with leadinghip. In this regard, it therefore not head whether we need a new generation of leadership as well as new gender. As long as leadership can and should associate itself with the followers, there arises hardly a need to indicate for a shift in the ways leadership is pursued and practiced. Though it has been argued that leadership has been viewed and studied with applaud to the masculinity (-Metcalfe, 2002) however this is not the fact in its entirety. It must be noted that almost all the leadership whether in the corporate world or in political world was masculine and it was probably because of this reason that the leadership has mostly being studied within that context.In raise to be an good leader, there are various personal traits and qualities which a leader must have in order to be effective. These include fro m motivating the employees to making decisions of strategic nature. However, these traits are not gender specific in nature however there are certain attributes specific to both male and female leaders which both make them effective in their fields and leadership is largely gender neutral. (Gedney, 1999). However historically the evolution of leadership theories started with the focus on the masculine characteristics of the leaders. The so called Great Man theories of 1930s and mid-forties greatly emphasized on the personal characteristics of the leaders including their intelligence, personal charisma etc. The great objet dart theories largely emphasized on the role of males into the leadership however that was an era where there were very a few(prenominal) opportunities left for the women to participate into the mainstream economy. Lack of opportunity was therefore the main reason behind the development of hypothetical framework which were largely focusing on the masculine chara cteristics o f the leaders. This has historical connotations also because the

Naiku, ise shine the great japanese joinery architecture Research Paper

Naiku, ise shine the great japanese joinery architecture - Research writing ExampleThe shrines public status has not always been gentle. In the long time leading to the World state of war II, Ise becomes inextricably bound with the imperialistic and nationalism conquest. Even after the war modernists and their allies seized the symbol of the antiquity of Japanese culture as the touchst superstar for their own design.Close to 120 shrines are contained in the send but the main ones are Geku which is the outer shrine and Naiku which is the inner shrine though Naiku stands out of the equalizer with its magnificent architectural buildings and religious capacity to the pilgrims (Saka, pp 1).The inner shrine of Naiku that is dedicated to one of the Sun Goddess is one of the Japan most famous architectural and cultural sites bustling with worshippers from the ancient days to present times. Naiku shut in is at the center of sightseeing in Ise, Mie Prefecture. The locals refer the place to as Jingu meaning the Shrine as an legitimate name, and the Sun Goddess Amaterasu O-mikami is preserved there. Yearly, an overwhelming seven million worshippers flocks the shrine for cultural services.When it comes to Japans indigenous religion, Naiku scores the highest as it is the most revered shrine complex of all that exists in Naiku. formal in the 5th century, it was built in honor of the sun of the goddess, Amaterasu-omikami, whose Japanese imperial family is believed to have descended. The case are ancient, but there has been a concerted effort to rebuild the structures every twenty eld in a process called shikinen sengu that is done ingeniously using the timber and glue.According to Shoki Nihon, close to 2000 years ago the daughter of Emperor Suinin, devine Yamatohime mikoto habilitate out from Mt. Miwa in search for a place to set up a lasting location for the worship of the goddess Amaterasu-omikami (Hardacre & Helen, pp 2). Wondering for twenty years through the co ntribution of Mino and Ohmi, her search finally led her to Ise, the

International Business and operations Management Essay

International stage profession and operations Management - Essay ExampleIn China there are many existent domestic firms (over 8,000) engaged in the production and sale of agricultural equipment while a substantial good turn of international reputable firms have made major inroads into the Chinese farm machinery market. To understand international business ventures, Peng et al (2009) through their unified international business framework suggest two approaches in pinch international business frameworks. These are the institution-based view whereby the foreign venture firms aims at developing an understanding of the local business environment and the resource-based view in which the firm utilizes its competitive advantage like superior engineering science or products to gain a foothold in the local markets.China as one of the swift developing emerging markets provide a highly developed potential market for agricultural equipment out-of-pocket to its large population and lowly m echanized farming methods hence is a viable entry rate into the Asian region market. International strategic management mainly encompasses firms engaged in cross-border trade globally that usually take advantage of local resources in diverse geographical locations to enhance their productivity and returns. Lessard (2003) has identify four strategic frameworks that distinguish these international firms geographic span of the particular industry the pull of the proper(postnominal) locations including the markets, resources, and the competitive edge upholding of the international strategy and the extent of global incorporation including the localized spread.The western and Yankee parts of China however have not greatly enjoyed the rapid growth experienced in other regions of the country. The government has therefore consequently provided incentives to foreign firms interested in expanding in these regions in cause of lowered statutory requirements and other inducements as well as p roviding a high-quality communication and

Gate of Ishtar Essay Example for Free

logic gate of Ishtar EssayThroughout history, art has always been the highlight of mankind. Art has been authorship history before language has been created. Our art has written history, or even protected us, the Gate of Ishtar did its decide by doing so. A wonderful, and very artistic wall reinforced through art, this gate was dedicated to the Babylonian goddess, IshtarThe Gate of Ishtar was one of the greatest, and monumental architectural treasure ever constructed during the Neo-Babylonian and Persian period. It was even considered one of the sevensome wonders in the world. The history behind this gate is very rich and popular. It was built during the clock time of Nebuchadnezzar II, who ordered the mental synthesis of this gate.The time of this finished its construction was around 575 BCE. According to where the gate was located, it guarded the northern part of Babylon, zip through the Processional Way. During the time, the gate was an absolute phenomenon. It ran appro ximately 40 feet high and 30 feet width, it excessively had a double arch gate. The reason behind the double arch gate was for it to be spaced by an interior passage. The masonry during the time of construction of the gate was very advanced, but not long lasting. The gate consisted of bog down bricks, since the whole city of Babylon used mud bricks. Covering the mud bricks were blue glazed led, or copper, that gave the bricks an informatory dark blue color.During that time, they used this process for all the important monuments in Babylon. On the gate in that respect is a description, ordered by Nebuchadnezzar himself, which stated his feelings toward the gate, and the description of what the gate was made of. He also built his palace a few meters away from the gate itself. Throughout the gate, every brick was sought out and mess crafted one by one. Doing so, anyone who experiences the gate first hand can tell the marksmanship of each brick. The brickwork is decorated and inlay ed by yellow colors creating lions, which run throughout the entire gate. The lion represented fearlessness and war. Dragons, palm trees and nonrepresentational designs were also on the gate. Although they use fearless animals, its also used to show order, and organized manner. The purpose the Gate of Ishtar was supposed to represent the power and determination of Babylon. On top of the gate there are genus Draco decoration, which was a sacred beast or sign of the gods, Marduk and Nabu. While thelions and bulls, which are also on the gate, also are sacred in the Babylonian culture and the god Marduk.Going on later in the future, the year 1902 ac, a German archeologist by the name of Robert Koldeway took credit of the unearthing of the Gate in the ruins of Babylon. Actually, unearthing this globular phenomenon took a while, from the date 1902 to 1914. Approximately 12 years to unearth al or so all the remains of the gate. During the time of the excavation, the gate was so large, t hat it could not be set in just one museum, but many a(prenominal) throughout the world.Sadly, only three museums throughout the world has acquired the dragon souvenir from the gate, while many early(a) museums have the lion. After many years the gate of Ishtar has tried to make a comeback. In 1983 ibn Talal Hussein Hussein tried to theorize this magnificent wonder, but due to the war in Iraq, things were on hold. Iraq hopes to reconstruct the gate after things settle down.This gate is also popular throughout the world. For it is mentioned in the bible. It is one of the most documented events of early civilizations.All these factors create what was known as the gate of Ishtar. It will always be known as one of the wonders of the world. As time goes on, people will forget was known as The Gate of Ishtar.

Tanglewood casebook Essay Example for Free

Tanglewood casebook EssayThe store sort home is one that mainly deals with assisting customers, be it to find certain products, deal with issues, or to just make their deliver a pleasant one while dealing with the daily operations of the store.The open system to recruiting operator that we are cast a wide net to catch any applicants that we can and see what we get. Its possible that we may get exactly what we are looking for, scarce its possible that it may just be wasted resources. I recommend the stationed manner to recruitment, which means that we are going to go for a specific group of people with specificKSAOs.By using the targeted system we testament deal out slightly of the staffs concerns about hiring new store associates. The first concern was to reduce turnover by casting a smaller net, but getting more qualified individuals we may eliminate close to of the turnover. This leave besides help with the lag time, which was the second issue, in that there will be slight applicants to go through, thus letting us get to the more qualified candidates more quickly. This will help us target the applicants we want, which were college to middle age individuals with at least a high school diploma, preferably some college course work, with retail and customer utility set out. By getting employees that already have customer service experience, they will already know what they are getting themselves into and what the expectation may be. Hopefully this will also help to acquire people who fit into the culture and are looking for a career and not just a job.By using online applications with specific requirements we will better be able to target these applicants. The same goes for staffing agencies, though represently, we will more effectively acquire qualified individuals.Employee referrals may be a good way to keep up employee relations and morale, but it may not lead to the display case of individuals we need. The same goes for open appli cations. 3)In Western Washington, the highest one class retention rate compared to the amount of applicants engage was by job service federal agency, followed by employee referrals. This seemed to be effective for them, because the most qualified individuals fell into the referral category, heretofore the total appeal was significantly higher for employee referrals at this site, though after a year of survival of the fittest ended up being the most cost effective method of hiring.In Eastern Washington, the referral method came out the most effective as far as retention rates went, followed by the carrel method. Following the same contract as the Western Washington region, these individuals seemed to be the most qualified. Again akin to the previous region it also was the most expensive as far as total cost went, but the most effective as far ascost per first year of survival.In Northern operating theater, the agency method had an extremely high retention rate after the fir st year of hire, followed by the kiosk method. In this region the kiosk method was the most expensive followed by hiring agencies. The hiring agency was the most effective after the first year of hire.In Southern Oregon, a exchangeable trend happens compared to Northern Oregon. The agency method has a the highest post one year retention rate, followed by the referral method. And similar to Northern Oregon, it is the second most expensive as far as total cost goes, but the most effective as far as post first year hire cost is concerned. 4)It would be ineffective to follow the same hiring methods for all four regions in that in both Oregon based regions the best recruitment method seems to be agency based and in the Washington regions the referral method is most effective. If the familiarity attempted to force all regions to have the same hiring standards they would incur higher cost, less effective recruitment methods, and would obtain less qualified individuals. 5)It has proven tr ue for the company that cheaper is not endlessly better, therefore getting the cheapest labor will not yield the most effective customer service. It would be beneficial to rate employee performance in accordance to high, middle, and low performers and to discuss with them how they feel they are doing in conjunction with suggestions on yielding better performance. Better performance should come with some type of reward, for illustration an extra vacation solar day, a more desirable assignment, or an annual pay increase. It also would be beneficial to employees to have additional training in customer service issues in order to puddle them for what issues they may run into.As far as the bottom line hiring requirements go, at least a year of customer service related experience should be required for employment. As previously tell this will ensure that these new candidates will know what to expect from their job, and what expectations an employer would have ofthem. (Please refer to question 2 for how managerial concerns will be addressed.) 6)The targeted method would be aiming at a specific group of candidates. They may say that they are searching for a candidate with some completed college coursework and customer service experience looking to work as a store associate at Tanglewood. It also should state that if the associate seems promising they may be put on the fast track to management if they desire.The realistic method gives a real view of what the job would entail. It may say something like dealing with day to day store issues including customer complaints. It gives an employee a real look as to what they may be doing, but some argue that it may turn away good potential candidates before they actually have the prospect to experience both the good and the bad.The branded recruitment strategy is searching for a candidate that will fit into your brand. They may say looking for a self starting individual who wants to be dowry of not just a company, but a f amily. By doing this employees feel a tie to the companys brand and want to work for the company and not just the job.Work CitedHeneman III, Herbert G., Judge, Timothy A., and Kammemeyer-Mueller, gutter D. Staffing Organizations 7th Edition. Middleton Mendota House, 2012. Print. Kammemeyer-Mueller, John. Tanglewood Casebook for use with Staffing Organizations 7th Edition. Middleton Mendota House, 2012. Print.

Understanding contesting claims about the pork barrel issue Essay Example for Free

sense contesting claims about the pork barrel issue EssayThe talk started with the historical background of Priority phylogenesis Assistance Fund. It was truly insightful as I have come to learn when and how it was created. It was surprising to love the total amount of the PDAF that legislators wedge. I dont think it is very reasonable for them to get that lofty amount. I stand with those who be pro to the abolition of PDAF since I learned and came to realize that the role of the legislators are to make laws. Why would they need 200 Million to make laws, they definitely use the fund they get for their own benefits. It was also said in the talk that they get kickbacks to every project they would create or start. I dont know how they can live without conscience because of the millions of pesos they steal from the hard work earned coin of ordinary Filipino citizens. If the notes was properly apply we would probably have a better emotional state in our country now. There w ould be lesser people who experience poverty.If that money was properly use our country would have been more progressive. I am fuming mad for every political leading who runs for determine just to steal millions of money that is supposedly for the betterment of the citizens of our country and our country itself. The money would have been used to address many problems in health, housing, education, agriculture or even national security. It is sad that those type of leaders get elected because of many citizens of our country do not select wisely or their vote was bought or there was a fraud in the elections.Those political leaders who seek to steal money from the hardworking citizens should be jailed and suffer for the consequence they did. The talk served as an awakening to us students to the truthfulness of politics. The political leaders should do their jobs properly because the ones who suffer from their wrong doings are the ordinary citizens of our country because they dont g et and enjoy the benefits they should have received.

The City of Miami of Florida Essay Example for Free

The urban center of Miami of Florida EssayMiami is considered the Brobdingnagianst metropolis in the state of Florida. Many tourist articles describe this city as a unique city of contrasts, contradictions, and extremes. Currently, the city of Miami is home for more(prenominal) celebrities, entertainers, athletes, retired families and upcoming tourist and immigrants who migrated to this tourist center of a city. Unfortunately, the city also has a negative side Miami Florida has served as a refuge for the famous and infamous, including gangsters during Prohibition, accompanying killers, deposed Latin American dictators, sheiks, rock stars, artists, writers, athletes, and just about anyone starting everywhere. As political conditions in the westward Hemisphere fluctuate, Miami continues to be a destination for waves of refugees (Miami, 1998). agree to the Encyclopedia or Urban America (1998), Miami presently has the largest percentage of foreign-born residents of any met ropolitan ara in the United States. With over half its universe of Latino origin and much than one-fifth black, many a(prenominal) from the Caribbean, Miami is multiculturalism. Immigrants, who choose to migrate in the city of Miami, are presented with the opportunity and the lifestyle of starting from the very bottom of the financial and social pyramid, work hard, and abide by the laws and regulations with the expectations of success and benefiting their families. The Cubans, Nicaraguan, and Haitian are working hard to gain one common goal, success, and climbing their menstruation financial status. The American dream is more than just alive in the minds of the immigrants who migrate to this preferred destination.The city of Miami is also known as Magic city, known for the diverse and ethnic culture in southwestern Florida. The urban center of Miami is also the home for the Miami heat basketb every team and the Miami dolphins football team. The City of Miami has been the vacation hotspot for college spring vacations and family vacations for the social life offered in the City.According to the Census of 2000, Miamis population is made up of 362,470 and by the end of 2011 the population is expected to attach to 390,191 unmarrieds. The Census of 2000 also illust evaluate that the city of Miami has a lx percent Hispanic population, a twenty dollar bill-three percent of African American population and only a twelve percent of Caucasian population. Individuals between the ages of twenty to forty-four be up more than thirty-nine percent of the population, followed by quite a little who are between the ages of sixty to seventy four, which makes up about twenty percent of the citys population. Unemployment rate is as low as ten percent (Miami Government, 2011). commonwealth of Miami (Florida)Miami is the State of Floridas largest city as well as the largest city in Miami-Dade County. Dating tush to the Cuban Revolution of 1959, the City of Miami had an influx of Cuban immigrants and over the years developed into a major(ip)(ip) city and became a cosmopolitan. Many immigrants fled countries that had a crumbling economy or imposed political sanctions or persecution. on with immigrants, Miami has a large population of retirees from the northwards and Midwest. The large migration to Miami brought other changes, resulting in Miami having the image of an international city making it a gateway to Latin America. Miami has experienced major population shifts throughout its history.Over time, more people incur migrated from rural to urban regions of Florida in search of a change in lifestyle, stinting pursuits, and social structure. Miamis population shift as the upper as well as mettle classes matriculates outward from the city centers with the poorer citizens universe left behind within the inner city, often living upright enclaves of the very rich. This matriculation ca determinations the suburbs to expand and combine with the s uburbs of nearby metropolitan areas to form a megalopolis, or a vast regional city in which many metropolises merge.Only Texas and California pass as many urban centers separated by miles of terrain. Urban centers grow to a certain level, after which economic profit allows many citizens to move away from city centers not to rural areas but to new suburban developments. The issues face by the City of Miami are no different from those of other American cities. Miami too experience an increase in annoyance to overcrowding, from deteriorating race relations to deteriorating urban services and a reduced tax base. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the total population of Miami is 399, 457. The two largest racial make-up of the population is 72% Caucasian and 70% Hispanic with 19.2% of the population being comprised of Afro-Americans. For years, Florida has suffered the loftyest wickedness rate of any state and the highest rate of baseless abuse per capita with Miami being the epe e-center.Compared to many other cities, Miami is relatively less wealthy and has a high volume of poverty taken with(p) areas. A contributing factor to high crime rates and areas is poverty. These areas such(prenominal) as Liberty City or the Pork and Beans Housing Projects are areas with more impoverished residents and are likely to see more frequent violence and drug crimes, in particular. As the economy continues to take a downward scroll it is likely that the Miami practice of law department go out post increases in their crime statistics in these areas. Crime rates tend to increase with the increase of job loss. Families are struggling with the lack of disposable income, and a scant(p) job market offering little opportunity, slightly people may turn to criminal activity. The on-going unemployment rate in the City of Miami is 11.5. The living wage for Miami-Dade County is $11.36 per hour with health benefits, or $13.01 per hour if health benefits are not provided.Touris m is a major industry for Miami, and many visitors never see the under-belly of Miami because of the citys course system, allowing political leaders to ignore the poorer-high crime areas while catering to these visitors. All this means its violent crime problem is hostilely to abate soon. The total crimes for the population are about one and a half times the national fairish for all crimes. In reality and, violent crime in Miami has increase and contributing to this problem is Miamis growing population. The city has a mixed racial makeup with a large black and Latin population. At the same time, Miami also may be the nations capital of multiculturalism of the very fall apart sought by other American cities as the population changes. Many American cities have encountered change magnitude problems along with growth. Poor high crime areas in Miami cannot develop the necessary tax base to endure for better schools to education the next generation so it allow not have to live in poverty.Miami is considered to be more insecure than many other city of size. New Orleans is considered the most dangerous of all, followed by Camden, New Jersey. In 2008 the City of Miami Gardens was ranked as the thirteenth most dangerous city with a population in excess of 75,000 out of all cities in Florida. The expansion of the prison system by an additional 1,865 beds will be needed to handle the influx over the next quintuple years. Official projections however, suggest the number of beds that will be needed is far from adequate.When individuals violate the laws of the land, they are housed in a facility ran by the Miami-Dade County Corrections and Rehabilitation Department. The county jail is comprised of five correctional facilities the Pre-Trial clutch Center, Womens Detention Center, Turner Guilford Knight Correctional Center, Training and Treatment Center, and the Metro West Detention Center. These facilities hold on average 7,000 inmates, who are awaiting trial or ar e serving sentences of 364 days or less. Currently Miami-Dade County remit houses about 6, 224 inmates. Of these 6, 224 inmates, 3, 412 are Afro-American 1,700 are Hispanic with 2, 808 Whites being incarcerated.The department has a Boot summer camp Program for youthful offenders, a Work Release Center and a medical unit at Jackson Memorial Hospital. The space problem also plagues the juvenile system, in which a shortage of beds agonistic authorities to put young offenders back on the street to await space in a juvenile facility. While waiting, it is not surprising that these young offenders commit more crimes. habitual Attitude laid-back crime rate has plagued the city of Miami, Florida for decades. Even though including all crimes, the crime rate for the total population is about one and a half times the nation average. These crimes include high statistics in massacres, robberies, and exasperate assaults. Miami experience approximately 20 murders per 100,000 people compared to the national average of just seven. Miami experienced 537 robberies per 100,000 residents, more than in two ways the national average of 206. Aggravated assaults are 927 per 100,000 people nearly three times the national average of 337.The city of Miami is also less wealthy than others, and poverty is a major contributing factor for high crime rates. Residents living in impoverished areas are likely to experience more violent and drug crimes than others. Citizens study that with the economic downturn in full force, they will see an increase in crime statistics in the upcoming years because as unemployment rises, so does the crime rates. Families face less money to go past and without work or money to occupy some people, they often turn to criminal activity.Many residents view that the lack of Fortune 500 companies is the main obstacle facing Miamis growth and evolution to a snarf-tier city. They think that the continued development of the downtown and Brickell area, expansions of the airport, and the addition of the new baseball stadium will make the city more attractive. Citizens believe Miami has the potentials of Hong Kong, but the problem with the city is its lack of honest government, not with crooks, and criminals. They agnize that they must learn to vote for what is best for their community, not the ghetto, not Cuba, not Venezuela, areas the majority of citizens migrate from. Intelligent, educate people are leaving in masses going to other states is another problem because it will not help attract Fortune 500 companies. Citizens believe that until all these issues are addressed and resolved, Miami will continue to move in the wrong direction, just a party city with no jobs (Paez, nd) neuter of locationAll big cities have downtowns as an important of their central point of their city however, unlike Miami, Fl not many cities have as much to do like Downtown Miami does (Castelo-Blanco, 2010). Miamis violent crime rate is the highest in the country , considering they have high indecencies of robbery, and assault. Thankfully in terms of other cities their murder rate is relatively low. Miami, like many cities property values fluctuate all, depending on the crime almost the area. Home prices around the Miami areas is range from Coral Gables of 210K 250K, it appears that the most crime in Miami does occur in the North Miami Beach area. The home values in that area range from 43K 72K, while in other areas such as southern Beach homes range from the 750K Millions. Although Miami is a beautiful place to visit and stay for some time police reports suggest that they travel with a contingent of large people and stay in areas where it is highly lit and populated such as downtown, Miami.The crime rate in Miami has caused much interval in the difference and quality of living for people in Miami, as one travels down the Dolphin Expressway, people can notice a culture change in which areas are not in shabby condition by illegal activi ties. One of the unique tools the Miami-Dade police department allows residents to do is use the crime mapping program that helps empower the community by putting valuable public caoutchouc information at the communitys fingertips.The Miami-Dade shows they there were 140 crimes between border district 22nd, 2011, and March 28th, 2011. The Hollywood police department 139 from March 27th, 2011 through April 2nd, 2011, and the Plantation police department had 53 crimes between March 27th, 2011 and April 2nd, 2011 all ranging from theft, assault, and illegal drug activity. This program shows clearly that home prices and transportation levels change as people choose to live away from the city center. Miami downtown is the party center and where the night life lives however it is so close to higher crime areas that people choose to live in areas such as Miami Beach, South Beach, where homes cost 10 times more than areas in North Miami Beach.HotspotsAs mentioned Miami Florida is known as a beautiful vacation spot. Many tourists come to Miami to vacation because of the lovely atmosphere of Downtown Miami and South Beach. Miami is also known as a celebrity hotspot many celebrities are known to have condos along South Beach or either own a home on unity Island. Although Miami is known to be a beautiful vacation area unfortunately just as many other cities it has its hotspots for criminal activity. In Miami there are quite a few hotspots, which consist of major criminal activity such as robbery, assaults, murder, and mainly the possession of illegal drugs. These hotspot areas are Overtown, piddling Haiti, Opa Locka, and Liberty City.In Miami there is a program called Weed and seed down, which initiatives when begun, was to focus on the drug gross revenue and prostitution that ran rampant through the criminal hotspot areas mainly in Little Haiti and Liberty City. modern news that has occurred in the hotspot areas of Miami, FL, is the killing of seven African American men. Research states, Over a seven-month period between July 2010 and February 2011, Miami police mostly officers on specialized task forces shot and killed seven men, at least two of whom were unarmed. The succession of shootings, which came after a few years of relative calm, awoke old tensions in the Overtown, Little Haiti, and Liberty City neighborhoods, and caused a political firestorm at City Hall (Miami Herald, 2011).These three areas mentioned are known for their criminal activity however the slaying of seven African American men over a seven-month period has made members of the community and family members of the deceased outraged. The people of the community are looking to have the Chief of the City of Miami law Department removed because they feel as though City of Miami Police Chief Miguel Exposito is doing little to nothing about the situation or the officers involved with the shootings. This only leads people to believe that the crime rates in the hotspot areas may increase because the members of the community are furious with the police departments.ConclusionIn 2010, there were a total of 31,000 crimes where 6,000 were violent crimes and more than 24,000 crimes were property crimes. With a crime rate of 86 per one thousand residents, Miami has one of the highest crime rates in America compared to all communities. Because the city of Miami is considered a tourist city with all the visitors as well as the diverse individual all fighting for obtaining the American Dream many people commit crimes to climb the social and financial ladder faster. Many people must start at the bottom to arrive at the top is frustrating to many causing them to commit crimes.ReferencesMiami, Florida. (1998). In Encyclopedia of Urban America The Cities and Suburbs. Retrievedfrom http//www.credoreference.com/entry/abcurban/miami_florida.Miami Government. (2011). almost the City Of Miami. Retrieved from http//www.miamigov.com/press/pressreleases/miami/AbouttheCity.asp. Miami Herald. (2011). Families of men shot dead by Miami police get their say. Retrieved fromhttp//www.miamiherald.com/2011/03/23/2130756/families-of-men-shot-by-miami.htmlPaez, Adolfo L., Ed., Miami Public Attitudes about Crime. ANational Crime Survey Report.Institution Bureau of the Census (DOC), Suitland, Md.Roman, C. G., Cahill, M., Coggeshall, M. (2005). The Weed and Seed Initiative and CrimeDisplacement in South Florida 5-6.Retrieved from http//www.statenet.com/welfare/flborland.html.Retrieved from www.miamidade.gov/corrections/facilities.aspRetrieved from http//www.floridahistory.orgRetrieved from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Miami, _Florida

Philosophy of Education Essay Example for Free

philosophical system of Education EssayThe word development is used several(prenominal)times to signify the activity, process, or enterprise of educating or organism educated and close totimes to signify the discip line of credit or argonna of study taught in checks of pedagogics that concerns itself with this activity, process, or enterprise. As an activity or process, development whitethorn be formal or informal, mysterious or ordinary, individual or friendly, provided it eternally consists in cultivating dispositions (abilities, skills, knowledges, beliefs, attitudes, values, and personality traits) by certain methods.As a discipline, reading studies or reflects on the activity or enterprise by asking questions approximately its aims, methods, effects, forms, invoice, costs, value, and relations to edict. Definition The civilize of thought of information whitethorn be either the philosophical system of the process of rearing or the school of thought of the discipline of facts of life. That is, it may be transgress of the discipline in the sniff fall turn out of being concerned with the aims, forms, methods, or results of the process of educating or being educated or it may be meta disciplinal in the sense of being concerned with the concepts, aims, and methods of the discipline.However, neverthe slight in the latter grimace it may be thought of as part of the discipline, just as metaphilosophy is thought of as a part of philosophy, although the philosophy of comprehension is non regarded as a part of erudition. Historic bothy, philosophies of education have usually taken the first form, but under the influence of uninflected philosophy, they have both(prenominal)times taken the second. In the first form, philosophy of education was traditionally developed by philosophersfor example, Aristotle, Augustine, and John Lockeas part of their philosophical systems, in the context of their in effect(p) theories.Howeve r, in the twentieth degree Celsius philosophy of education tended to be developed in schools of education in the context of what is called foundations of education, thus linking it with new(prenominal) split of the discipline of educationeducational history, psychology, and sociologyrather than with other parts of philosophy. It was as well developed by writers such(prenominal) as Paul Goodman and Robert M. Hutchins who were neither captain philosophers nor members of schools of education. TypesAs thither argon m all kinds of philosophy, m most(prenominal) philosophies, and many ways of philosophizing, so in that respect be many kinds of educational philosophy and ways of doing it. In a sense in that location is no such thing as the philosophy of education on that point are only philosophies of education that can be classified in many different ways. school of thought of education as such does non describe, compare, or explain any enterprises to systems of education, p ast or present except insofar as it is concerned with the tracing of its own history, it leaves such inquiries to the history and sociology of education.Analytical philosophy of education is meta to the discipline of educationto all the inquiries and persuasion close to educationin the sense that it does not sample to propound substantive propositions, either factual or prescriptive, more or less(prenominal) education. It conceives of its task as that of analysis the definition or elucidation of educational concepts like teaching, indoctrination, ability, and trait, including the concept of education itself the clarification and criticism of educational slogans like Teach children, not subjectsThe exploration of models used in thought process virtually education (e.g. , growth) and the analysis and evaluation of arguments and methods used in reaching conclusions somewhat education, whether by teachers, administrators, philosophers, scientists, or laymen.To accomplish this task , uninflected philosophy uses the tools of logic and linguistics as well as techniques of analysis that metamorphose from philosopher to philosopher. Its results may be valued for their own sake, but they may also be helpful to those who examine more substantive empirical of normative conclusions just roughly education and who try to be careful about how they reach them.This entry is itself an exercise in analytical philosophy of education. Normative philosophies or theories of education may make use of the results of such analytical take a crap and of factual inquiries about human beings and the psychology of learning, but in any oddball they propound visual senses about what education should be, what dispositions it should cultivate, why it ought to cultivate them, how and in whom it should do so, and what forms it should take.Some such normative possibleness of education is implied in e truly instance of educational endeavor, for any(prenominal) education is purposely e ngaged in, it explicitly or implicitly assumed that certain dispositions are suited and that certain methods are to be used in acquiring or fostering them, and any view on such matters is a normative conjecture of philosophy of education. hardly not all such theories may be regarded as prissyly philosophical. They may, in fact, be of several sorts.Some simply seek to foster the dispositions regarded as desirable by a society using methods laid down by its culture. here both the ends and the factor of education are defined by the cultural tradition. Others also spirit to the prevailing culture for the dispositions to be fostered but appeal as well to experience, possibly n startheless to science, for the methods to be used. In a more pluralistic society, an educational hypothesis of a sort may go on as a compromise between conflicting views about the aids, if not the methods, of education, especially in the case of public schools.Then, individuals or groups inwardly the so ciety may have conflicting full-fledged philosophies of education, but the public philosophy of education is a works accommodation between them. More comprehensive theories of education stop their views about the aims and methods of education neither on the prevailing culture nor on compromise but on basic factual expound about humans and their world and on basic normative forgo about what is good or right for individuals to seek or do.Proponents of such theories may reach their expound either by reason (including science) and philosophy or by faith and divine authority. Both types of theories are called philosophies of education, but only those based on reason and philosophy are properly philosophical in character the others cogency better be called theologies of education.Even those that are purely philosophical may divert in complexity and sophistication. In such a full-fledged philosophical normative theory of education, overly analysis of the sorts described, there voli tion normally be propositions of the following kinds1.Basic normative premises about what is good or right 2. Basic factual premises about humanity and the world 3. Conclusions, based on these two kinds of premises, about the dispositions education should foster 4. Further factual premises about such things as the psychology of learning and methods of teaching and 5.Further conclusions about such things as the methods that education should use. For example, Aristotle argued that the Good equals triumph equals excellent activity that for a individual there are two kinds of excellent activity, one gifted (e.g. , doing geometry) and one moral (e. g. , doing just actions) that therefore e veryone who is capable of these types of excellent activity should acquire a knowledge of geometry and a disposition to be just that a knowledge of geometry can be acquired by commission and a disposition to be just by practice, by doing just actions and that the young should be given(p) instructio n in geometry and practice in doing just actions.In general, the more properly philosophical part of such a full normative theory of education depart be the proposition it asserts in (1),(2), and (3) for the propositions in (4) and hence (5) it go away, given those in (3), most appropriately appeal to experience and science. Different philosophers will hold different views about the propositions they use in (1) and (2) and the ways in which these propositions may be established.Although some normative premises are required in (1) as a basis for any line of conclude leading to conclusions in (3) or (5) about what education should foster or how it should do this, the premises placeing in (2) may be of various sortsempirical, scientific, historical, metaphysical, theological, or epistemological. No one kind of premise is always necessary in (2) in every educational context. Different philosophers of education will, in any case, have different views about what sorts of premises it i s permissible to appeal to in (2).All moldiness agree, however, that normative premises of the kind indicated in (1) must be appealed to. Thus, what is central and crucial in any normative philosophy of education is not epistemology, metaphysics, or theology, as is sometimes thought, but ethics, value theory, and companionable philosophy. post Let us assume, as we have been doing, that philosophy may be analytical, speculative, or narrative and remember that it is normally going on in a society in which there already is an educational system.Then, in the first place, philosophy may turn its attention to education, thus generating philosophy of education proper and becoming part of the discipline of education. Second, general philosophy may be one of the subjects in the course of study of higher education and philosophy of education may be, and presumably should be, part of the curriculum of teacher education, if teachers are to think clearly and carefully about what they are doi ng.Third, in a society in which there is a single system of education governed by a single prevailing theory of education, a philosopher may do any of four things with respect to education he may analyze the concepts and reasoning used in connection with education in order to make peoples thinking about it as clear, explicit, and logical as possible he may seek to support the prevailing system by providing more philosophical arguments for the dispositions aimed at and the methods used he may criticize the system and seek to clean up it in the light of some more philosophical theory of education he has arrived at or he may simply teach logic and philosophy to future educators and parents in the hope that they will apply them to educational matters.Fourth, in a pluralistic society like the United States, in which the exist educational enterprise or a large segment of it is based on a working compromise between conflicting views, a philosopher may again do several sorts of things. He may do any of the things just mentioned. In the United States in the first half of the twentieth century professional philosophers tended to do only the last, but at the end of the twentieth century they began to try to do more.Indeed, there will be more occasions for all of these activities in a pluralistic society, for turn over about education will always be going on or threatening to be resumed. A philosopher may even take the lead in formulating and improving a compromise theory of education. He cogency then be a mere eclectic, but he need not be, since he skill defend his compromise plan on the basis of a whole social philosophy. In particular, he might propound a whole public philosophy for public school education, making clear which dispositions it can and should seek to promote, how it should promote them, and which ones should be left for the home, the church, and other private means of education to cultivate. In any case, he might advocate appealing to scientific inqu iry and prove whenever possible.A philosopher may also work out a fully developed educational philosophy of his own and start an experimental school in which to put it into practice, as John Dewey did like Dewey, too, he may even try to persuade his entire society to adopt it.Then he would argue for the desirableness of fostering certain dispositions by certain methods, part on the basis of experience and science and partly on the basis of premises taken from other parts of his philosophyfrom his ethics and value theory, from his governmental and social philosophy, or from his epistemology, metaphysics, or philosophy of mind. It seems plausible to maintain that in a pluralistic society philosophers should do all of these things, some one and some another.In such a society a philosopher may at least seek to help educators concerned about moral, scientific, historical, aesthetic, or religious education by presenting them, respectively, with a philosophy of morality, science, histor y, art, or religion from which they may draw conclusions about their aims and methods. He may also philosophize about the discipline of education, asking whether it is a discipline, what its subject matter is, and what its methods, including the methods of the philosophy of education, should be. insofar as the discipline of education is a science (and one question here would be whether it is a science) this would be a job for the philosopher of science in addition to one just mentioned.Logicians, linguistic philosophers, and philosophers of science may also be able to contribute to the technology of education, as it has come to be called, for example, to the theory of testing or of language instruction. Finally, in a society that has been broken down by some kind of revolution or has sunrise(prenominal)ly emerged from colonialism, a philosopher may even supply a radical full-fledged normative philosophy for its educational system, as Karl Marx did for Russia and China.In fact, as in the case of Marx, he may provide the ideology that guided the revolution in the first place. Plato tried to do this for Syracuse, and the philosophes did it for France in the eighteenth century. Something like this may be done wherever the schools dare to build a new society, as many ask schools to do.Dewey once said that since education is the process of forming fundamental dispositions toward nature and our baby buster human beings, philosophy may even be defined as the most general theory of education. Here Dewey was thinking that philosophy is the most general normative theory of education, and what he said is original if it means that philosophy, understood in its widest sense as including theology and poetry as well as philosophy proper, is what tells us what to believe and how to feel about humanity and the universe. It is, however, not necessarily true if it refers to philosophy in the narrower sense or means that all philosophy is philosophy of education in the sense of having the focussing of education as its end.This is not the whole end of classical philosophy or even of philosophy as reconstructed by Dewey the former aimed at the truth rather than at the guidance of practice, and the latter has other practical ends besides that of guiding the educational enterprise.Certainly, analytical philosophy has other ends. However, although Dewey did not have analytical philosophy in mind, there is nevertheless a sense in which analytical philosophy can also be said to be the most general theory of education. Although it does not seek to tell us what dispositions we should form, it does analyze and criticize the concepts, arguments, and methods employed in any study of or reflection upon education.Again it does not follow that this is all analytical philosophy is concerned with doing. Even if the other things it doesfor example, the philosophy of mind or of scienceare useful to educators and normative theorists of education, as, it is hoped, is the c ase, they are not all developed with this use in mind. See also ARISTOTLE AUGUSTINE, ST. BAGLEY, WILLIAM C. BODE, BOYD H. BRAMELD, THEODORE CHILDS, JOHN L. COMENIUS, JOHANN COUNTS, GEORGE S. DEWEY, JOHN FREIRE, PAULO HERBERT, JOHANN JAMES, WILLIAM KILPATRICK, WILLIAM H. MONTESSORI, MARIA NEILL, A. S. PESTALOZZI, JOHANN PLATO ROUSSEAU, JEAN-JACQUES WHITEHEAD, ALFRED NORTH.BIBLIOGRAPHY ANDERSON, R. N. , et al. 1968. Foundation Disciplines and the nurture of Education. Toronto Macmillan. ARCHAMBAULT, REGINALD D. , ed. 1965. Philosophical Analysis and Education. New York Humanities Press. FRANKENA, WILLIAM K. , ed. 1965. ism of Education. New York Macmillan. JARRET, JAMES L. , ed. 1969.Philosophy for the Study of Education. capital of Massachu managets Houghton Mifflin. LUCAS, CHRISTOPHER J. 1969. What Is Philosophy of Education? New York Macmillan. MORRIS, VAN CLEVE. 1969. Modern Movements in Educational Philosophy. Boston Houghton Mifflin. OCONNOR, DANIEL JOHN. 1957. Introduct ion to the Philosophy of Education. London Routledge.PARK, JOE. 1968. Selected Readings in the Philosophy of Education, 3rd edition. New York Macmillan. SCHEFFLER, ISRAEL, ed. 1966. Philosophy and Education, 2nd edition. Boston Allyn and Bacon. WILLIAM K. FRANKENA Philosophy of education is a field characterized not only by kind theoretical eclecticism but also by a perennial dispute, which started in the mid-twentieth century, over what the scope and purposes of the discipline even ought to be. In the Philosophy of Education article that was included in the preliminary edition of this encyclopedia, William Frankena wrote, In a sense there is no such thing as the philosophy of education (p. 101).During certain periods of the history of the philosophy of education, there have been dominant perspectives, to be sure At one time, the field was defined around approved works on education by great philosophers (Plato of ancient Greece, the eighteenth-century Swiss-born Frenchman Jean-Ja cques Rousseau, and others) at other times, the field was dominated, in the United States at least, by the figure of John Dewey (18591952) and educational Progressivism at other times, the field was characterized by an austere analytical move up that explicitly rejected much of what had come before in the field as not even being proper philosophy at all.But even during these periods of say-so there were sharp internal disputes at heart the field (such as feminist criticisms of the Great Man burn up to philosophy of education and vigorous critiques of the analytical method). Such disputes can be read off the history of the professional societies, journals, and graduate programs that institutionalize the field, and they can be documented through a succession of previous encyclopedia articles, which by definition attempt to define and delimit their subject matter. These sorts of struggles over the maintenance of the corrective boundary, and the attempt to define and enforce certain methods as paramount, are hardly unique to philosophy of education.But such concerns have so preoccupied its practitioners that at times these very questions seem to become the shopping center of the discipline, nearly to the exclusion of thinking about actual educational problems. And so it is not very strike to find, for example, a book such as Philosophers on Education.Consisting of a series of essays written by professional philosophers entirely outside the discipline of philosophy of education, the collection cites almost none of the work published at heart the discipline because the philosophers have no doubts about the status of the discipline of philosophy of education, they have few qualms about speaking authoritatively about what philosophy has to say to educators.On the otherhand, a fruitful subject area for reflection is whether a more self-critical approach to philosophy of education, even if at times it seems to be twist up its own roots for examination, might pr ove more productive for thinking about education, because this very tendency toward self-criticism keeps fundamental questions alive and open to reexamination.Any encyclopedia article must take a stance in relation to such disputes. However much one attempts to be comprehensive and self-possessed in describing the scope and purpose of a field, it is impossible to write anything about it without imagining some argument, somewhere, that would put such claims to challenge. This is especially true of categorical approaches, that is, those built around a list of types of philosophy of education, or of trenchant schools of thought, or of specific disciplinary methods.During the period of particular diversity and interdisciplinarity in the field that has continued into the twenty-first century, such characterizations seem especially artificialbut even worse than this, potentially imperial and exclusionary. And so the challenge is to find a way of characterizing the field that is true to its eclecticism but that also looks clog up reflexively at the effects of such characterizations, including itself, in the dynamics of disciplinary boundary maintenance and methodological rule-setting that are continually under dispute.One way to begin such an examination is by thinking about the neural pulsings that draw one into this activity at all What is philosophy of education for? Perhaps these pulse rates can be more easily concluded about the field than any particular set of categories, schools of thought, or disciplinary methods.Moreover, these nervous heartbeats cut crosswise and interrelate approaches that might otherwise look quite different. And they coexist as impulses within broad philosophical movements, and even within the thought of individual philosophers themselves, sometimes conflicting in a way that might help explain the tendency toward reflexive self-examination and uncertainty that so exercises philosophy of education as a field. The Prescriptive Impu lse The first impulse is prescriptive.In many respect this is the oldest and most pervasive inclination to offer a philosophically defended conception of what the aims and activities of teaching ought to be. In some instances, as in Platos Republic, these prescriptions derive from an overall utopianvision in other instances, such as seventeenth-century English philosopher John Lockes Some Thoughts Concerning Education or Rousseaus Emile, they derive from a fairly detailed reconception of what the everyday activities of teaching should look like in still other instances, such prescriptions are derived from other social or moral principles, as in various Kantian views of education (even though eighteenth-century German philosopher Immanuel Kant himself had very little to say on the subject).These prescriptive inclinations are in many respects what people stand from philosophy of education a wiser perspective, a more encompassing social vision, a sense of dream and higher purpose. I t is what people usually mean when they talk about having a philosophy of education. A broad range of perspectives in the field share this prescriptive impulse many of these perspectives can be comprised in what was once called the isms approach (perennialism, idealism, realism, Thomism, and so on)the idea that a set of philosophical premises could generate a comprehensive and consistent educational program.For many years, working out the details of these philosophies of education was mattered the main means of the field, and the debates among the isms were typically at the very basic level debates among fundamentally different philosophical premises.An implication of this approach was that disagreements tended to be broadly paradigmatic in the sense that they were based on all-or-none commitments one could not, of course, talk about a synthesis of realist and idealist worldviews. One wag has suggested that the isms have more recently been replaced by the istsless purely philosoph ical and more social/political theories that now typify many scholars working in philosophy of education (Marxists, feminists, multiculturalists, postmodernists, and so on).These will be characterized as critically orient philosophies below, but at this stage it is important to see that these perspectives can be equally driven by the prescriptive impulse many writers (for example, neo-Marxist advocates of Paulo Freires critical pedagogy) offer quite explicit accounts of how education ought to proceed, what it is for, and whose interests it ought to serve.The Analytical Impulse The second impulse that drives much of philosophy of education is analytical. In a broad sense this includes not only philosophical approaches specifically termed analytical philosophy (such as conceptual analysis or ordinary language analysis), but also a broader orientation that approaches the philosophical task as spelling out a set of rational conditions that educational aims and practices ought to satisf y, while leaving it up to other public deliberative processes to work out what they might be in specific.In this enlarged sense, the analytical impulse can be seen not only in analytical philosophy per se but also in studies that focus on the logical and epistemological criteria of critical thinking in the diagnosis of informal fallacies in reasoningIn certain kinds of liberal theory that spell out broad principles of rights and justice but that remain unspoken on the specific ends that education ought to serve and even in some versions of German philosopher Jurgen Habermass theory, which proposes a bodily structure of communicative deliberation in which conversations must satisfy what he calls a set of general cogency claims, but which does not specify or constrain in advance what that process of deliberation might yield.The analytical impulse is often seen as expressing a certain philosophical modesty that philosophers do not prescribe to others what their educational choices ou ght to be, but simply try to clarify the rational procedures by which those choices should be arrived at.Here metaphors such as referees who try to adjudicate an ongoing activity but remain nonpartisan within it, or groundskeepers who pull up weeds and prepare the soil but do not reconcile what to plant, tend to predominate in how this version of philosophy of education is presented and justified to others.The idea that philosophy provides a set of tools, and that doing philosophy of education (as opposed to having a philosophy of education) offers a more workmanlike self-conception of the philosopher, stands in sharp contrast with the idea of philosophy as a system-building endeavor. Of course, it must be said that this impulse is not entirely free of the prescriptive inclination, either. For one thing, there is a prescriptiveness about the very tools, criteria, principles, and analytical unambiguousions that get imported into how problems are framed.These are implicitly (and oft en explicitly) presented as educational ideals themselves promoting critical thinking or fostering the conditions for Habermasian communication in the classroom, for example. However rationally defended these might be, they will undoubtedly appear to some as imposed from on high. Moreover, at a deeper level, the analytic/prescriptive distinction is less than clear-cut a theory of logic, or a theory of communication, however purely procedural it aspires to be, always expresses conceptions of human nature, of society, of knowledge, of language, that contains social and cultural elements that might appear natural or neutral to the advocates of those procedures, but that will be regarded as foreign and particularistic by others (why must I justify my educational choices by your criteria? ).This is not meant as a criticism of the analytical orientation, but it just shows how these impulses can and do coexist, even within accounts that regard themselves as primarily one or the other. The Critical Impulse Similarly, the third impulse, a critical orientation, can coexist with either or both of the others.The critical impulse, like the analytical one, shares the diagnostic of trying to clear the ground of misconceptions and ideologies, where these misrepresent the needs and interests of disadvantaged groups like the prescriptive impulse, the critical impulse is driven by a positive conception of a better, more just and equitable, society. Where the critical impulse differs from the others is in its conception of the contribution philosophy can play in serving these ends.From this orientation, philosophy is not just a set of tools or an abstract, programmatic theory it is itself a substantive personal and political commitment, and it grows out of deeper inclinations to protect and serve the interests of specific groups.Hence the key philosophical ideas stressed in critically oriented philosophies of education (reflection, counterhegemony, a critique of power, an emphas is upon difference, and so on) derive their force from their capacity to challenge a presumably oppressive dominant society and enable put-upon individuals and groups to recognize and question their circumstances and to be moved to change them. As there are prescriptive and analytical elements in critically oriented philosophies of education, so there can be critical elements in the others.Philosophers of education more driven by a prescriptive or analytical impulse can and do share many of the similar social and political commitments as critically oriented philosophers of education and some of them may see their work as ultimately serving many of the same goals of criticizing hegemonic ideologies and promoting human emancipation. This is why these three impulses or orientations must not be seen as simple categories to which particular philosophies (or philosophers) can be assigned. Stressing their character as impulses highlights the motivational qualities that underlie, and frequ ently drive, the adoption of particular philosophical views.While philosophers tend to stress the force of argument in driving their adoption of such views, and while they do certainly change their minds because of argument and evidence, at some deeper level they are less prone to changing the very impulses that drive and give vigor to their philosophical investigations. By stressing the ways in which all three impulses can coexist within different philosophical schools of thought, and even within the inclinations of a given philosopher, this account highlights the complex and sometimes even contradictory character of the philosophical spirit.When philosophers of education teach or speak about their views, although they certainly put forth arguments, quotations of and references to literature, and so forth, at a deeper level they are appealing to a shared impulse in their audience, one that is more difficult to argue for directly, and without which the arguments themselves are unlik ely to take hold.Implications of the Impulses for Philosophy of Education Given the mankind of these three impulses, how can they help in providing an overview of the field of philosophy of education that does not fall into arguments about disciplinary boundary maintenance? First, these very broad orientations are in many respects easier to generalize within the field than would be any specific set of disciplinary criteria many different kinds of philosophy of education can manifest these sorts of inclinations. Indeed, it makes for strange bedfellows when people consider that despite their vigorous paradigmatic differences they are actually motivated by very similar underlying philosophical commitments.Perhaps this recognition might create a stronger incentive for them to engage one another respectfully across those differences. Second, it is beneficial for philosophers to consider that the validity they attribute to certain kinds of arguments may not be driven simply by the verif iable force of those arguments, but also by a particular appeal those kinds of arguments have for them.This sort of reflectiveness might be fruitful for various reasons, but a significant benefit could be in cosmetic surgery a persons appreciation for why others may not be moved by the arguments that seem so patently obvious to that person and why the force of argument alone may not be sufficient to generate philosophical agreement or reconcile disagreement.Given the pervasively eclectic and interdisciplinary nature of the field of philosophy of education, such a spirit of tolerance and inclusiveness, while not needing to be unbounded entirely, would be a valuable corrective to the historical tendency to establish the methodsor the philosophical school that will separate proper philosophy of education from the imposters.Advocates of more prescriptive approaches typically buttress their case for dominance by reference to canonical Great Works (Plato, ancient Greek philosopher Aristo tle, Locke, Rousseau, Dewey). This sort of system-building across epistemological, ethical, and social/political issues is what the great philosophers do, and it is revealing that for them philosophy of education was rarely seen as a distinct area of inquiry but merely the working out in p