Regenerative Battery For Human Electric Hybrid Bicycle Engineering Essay

Regenerative Battery For Human Electric Hybrid Bi motorbike Engineering EssayIn this affordup, a proposed catch, the human- galvanising hybridisation roll, also known as Pedelec driven chief(prenominal)ly by human treadleling squeeze with additional dish outance drag from the stamp barrage fire violenceed galvanic motor that has a regenerative originator lineament during declining slopes.IntroductionAutomobiles have always been essential for people living in cities as a micturate of transference to railcarry out their daily routine. According to the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers, a staggering number of 77,609,901 cars and commercial vehicles were produced in the year 2010. A 25.8 percent change compargon to the prior year (OICA, 2011). Based on a explore report of the Fifth U.S. Climate Action Report, transportation activities present thirty-three percent of the worlds emission of hundred dioxide in 2007 and nearly up to sixty perce nt of emission came from the conflagration of pet aimum from personal transportation (U.S. Climate Action Report, 2010). Consequently, it is without doubt, cars atomic number 18 one(a) of the major causes of global warming due to the emission of green house gasses. Currently, hybrid and voltaical vehicles seems to be the preeminent solution to counter the chore that arises from petrol magnateed automobiles without eliminating its advantages. However, galvanisingal powered vehicles have its own disadvantages as it requires a certain amount of charging time. On the otherwise hand, galvanizing cps are making wide waves among townspeople communities because it is less strenuous compare to the standard cycle, thus, en commensurate users to travel longer distance without victimisation much verve. Amount of time needed for charging unchanging arises in electric rides. The Regenerative Battery for Pedelecs on declining terrains is adequate to(p) to solve the problem by e nabling the user to automatic whollyy charge the motorbike battery during descending(prenominal) slopes.Literature ReviewElectric bicycle, Hybrid Bicycle and Human-Electric Bicycles or Pedelecs have unless recently live on a worldwide phenomenon due to the rise in petroleum prices. The technology of these types of bicycles is still relative spick-and-span and interrogation popularity has merely beginning to rise in the past recent years. Therefore, there is lack of query papers and literature available in the nation of hybrid or electric bicycle in scholarly journals or professional organization such as the IEEE. The following literature review evaluates on eleven scholarly journals to elucidate the technology involved in developing electric, Hybrid or Pedelecs bicycles and its performance characteristics.Among the eleven journals included, a report by Muetze and Tan (2007) gave a detailed and organized report found on the characterization of electric bicycle, both theoret ic tout ensembley and experimentally. The report includes as well the extremitys of unalike performances exemplar for electric bicycles and obstacles faced to endorse it. Regulations and safety factors for electrics bicycles in countries such as Japan, Europe, China and United States are outlined. Research was done to discover the advantages and disadvantages of technical performances for different part type of the bicycles such as the assist type, motor, motor assembly, motor placement, throttle and battery type. The report also includes a power over expedite graph collected from results collected with different parameters such as the modulate of angle, influence of the slope and influence of wind. Results gathered from the report is able to cater a guideline for developing an electric bicycle adequate for the food market trend and improve the performances of electric bicycles for future trainings.While the estimation on the performance of electric bicycle is essential, cipher management too must be given consideration. Morchin (1998) identifies the skill consumed by electric bicycle and emission of green houses gasses dejection be restrictd by two methods. Such aspects can be achieved by optimizing the ratings of the battery and engine trance delivering power output by from each one address under pass judgment driving conditions (Morchin, 1998). In the report, an on-board energy manager was mounted on an electric bicycle to track the energy level in the battery and effectively divide loads betwixt the battery and the engine. The Langranges theorem was utilize to calculate the energy consumed under affecting parameters of air drag, hill slopes and grinding. However, the cultivation done only applies to electric powered bicycles and not for hybrid bicycles or Pedelecs. Research can be done to persist for various types of bicycles and different type of terrains. The term hybrid employ in the paper is rather misdirect because the paper focuses on richly electric bicycle while the term hybrid bicycle practically refers a bicycle that runs on both petroleum gas and electrimetropolis or human pedal force with a battery powered motor.In a related research on power management in electric assisted bicycle, Brand and Ertugrul (2007) examines and discover that an in-hub direct drive located on the front wheel of the bicycle could give better performance by electric braking and horse barn manoeuvring. Furthermore, the report conducted experiments on 17 riders from different categories. All riders are evenly divided based on gender, weight, age, unbroken and irregular cyclist. The report is comprehensive and able to substantiate the effectiveness of the in-hub direct drive. Additionally , the report tolerate on evaluating riding conditions of various type of rider group to envision the optimum power requirement and does no focuses on figure an alternative for electric bicycles. It is noted in the report that aerodynam ic streamlining and information of a high efficiency inverter can be a win developed from the report.Most of the study done about electric bicycles revolves around the battery transshipment center governance. Solutions may compromise of electric alteration (Liu et al., 2008) (Somchaiwong Ponglangka, 2006), or petroleum-electric bicycle (Nagendran Senthil, 2010)(Xiong, et al., 2010) . Liu, et al., (2008) visualizeed quadruplet regenerative braking strategies by numbering mechanical energy into galvanic energy to extend the battery life-span. Matlab and Simulink were used to create a model of the electric bike and the four proposed regenerative braking strategies. The four braking control strategies are Most Feedback Power (MFP), Most carcass Efficiency (MSE), Fixed Torque sway Strategy (FTC) and Fixed Feedback Current Control (FFC) (Liu, et al., 2008). Clear description and illustration were given on all the four purposed strategies. The report illustrates theoretically using computer simulations and there were no prototype build or practical experiment conducted with bicycle users.Alternatively, Somchaiwong and Ponglangka (2006) proposed a regenerative power control form to solve the increment of cycle speed of motor that are redundant for example, during a downhill path. The research experiments on the relationship between the voltages supplied and motor speed. The result shows that if the cycle motor runs on the specific speed requirement, the motor would in turn generate a specific output voltage.Another prevalent solution battery problems faced in electric bicycles are petroleum-electric hybrid bicycles. Nagendran and Senthil (2010) proposed a Hybrid Bicycle with Three Speed Transmission System to solve problems faces in present-day(prenominal) electric bicycles. The purposed idea of the hybrid bicycle runs on both electric and petroleum to recharge the bicycles battery storage system. An added feature to the purposed idea is a three speed slope for effective control the speed of the motor and IC (Internal Combustion) engine. The bicycle runs like an ordinary electric bicycle on Phase One. When the battery storage system is depleted, the motor would then runs on the internal combustion engine. A Change Over is installed to connect and disconnects the motor from the IC engine or vice-versa. A myrtle flag coupler is used to connect the chain drive while a chain drive is used to obtain balance of the bicycle. The research does not illustrate the practical fixion of the three speed transmitting system.In a related topic, Liu, et al., designed a LPG (Liqufied Petroleum Gas) electric hybrid bicycle that is able to run on fully engine driven, fully electric motor driven or hybrid mode. Due to space limitation in the bicycle a four-stroke spark ignition LPG engine power system is introduced in the research. The gasoline engine was modified into a LPG engine by increasing the calculus ratio, enlarging the spark advance angle and increasing the ignition energy. The research also includes the design of the transmission system and control system of the hybrid bicycle. A prototype of the design was developed and several tests were conducted on city traffic conditions.While most studies focuses on a single bicycle type such as electric bicycle or Pedelecs, Indulal Nair (2007) incorporates both types of bicycle and the implementation of Fuzzy Logic as a control system. The bicycle runs on three different modes, manual(a) Mode, Power Mode and Automatic Mode. Manual Mode works like an ordinary where pedalling is required with no extra helper. Power Mode fully runs on electricity and does not require whatever paddling while Automatic Mode provides electric assistance on top of manual pedalling. Fuzzy Logic is implemented to provide prospering riding and fit drive assistance under any conditions. After the completion of the design, arrays of inputs were fed to the Fuzzy Logic control using Matlab Simu lation to study the outputs. Results from the simulation found that the performance of the system over various conditions were acceptable. The research states that the design can be further extended into larger vehicles.To optimize the electromotive force of battery storage system, Sousa, et al., (2007) developed an electronic converter powered by two type power supplies, the battery and tops(predicate) capacitors. Batteries are the primary storage while capacitors are used to debar deep discharging of the battery and as a backup storage. In this research, supercapacitors are used instead and can able to serve as a primary storage source. The developed system was built on the electric bicycle and results were gathered. A decision circuit is needed because the design is exposed in increasing the autonomy of electric vehicles to avoid high current peak and fast discharges of the batteries. The research open doors for future work such as improving power circuit to increase efficien cy and analyse the autonomy by altering the role of the battery and supercapacitor. Coates and Charkey (2002) states that batteries testing on Sealed Nickel-Zinc Batteries are conducted for electric bicycle applications because it provides the same amount of energy with half the weight compare to the standard lead-acid batteries.Hsu,et al., (2011) poses a solution to provide comfort and safety beatnik in different types of Pedelecs riding environment while optimizing the performance of the battery. The quality of riding conditions can be improved by overcoming three forces of nature, air drag, friction and hill drag. The key to the solution is the pedalling power and follow power of the required power should be constant and sufficient additional power is provided to overcome any of the three forces. The design is also able to solve instability problem in Pedelecs when the motor shortly occurs by keeping the instantaneous speedup of the assisted power be kept within the precaution Zone and Comfort Zone. Real environment simulation scenarios were conducted on different road types and pedal force in urban areas. Results confirms the design has better energy utilization compare to existing unoriginal and delta learnedness rule based assisted power methods. The report provides room for further research on figure out the method to automatically adjust the motor to the different type of physical conditions of the riders.After the evaluation of all the eleven journals, it can be concluded that most of the journals focuses on solving the problems currently faced by electric bicycle that provide deficient energy in the battery storage and skimpy power assistance. There are ample room for further growth on electric bicycles and Pedelecs because it technology is comparatively new. Further research done on this area would benefit societies living in urban area to be used as a form of environmental friendly transportation as contrary to conventional cars and motor cycles.Problem StatementBased on previous research done on electric bicycles, most studies concur that the depletion of petroleum and the rise in the emission of greenhouse gasses are the factor that contribute to the advancement of electric bicycles (Brand Ertugrul, 2007 Hsu, et al., 2011 Indulal Nair, 2007 Morchin, 1998 Nagendran Senthil, 2010 Sousa, et al., 2007 Xiong, et al., 2010). In spite of this, there are still plenty of room for further development and enhancement in the area of electrical bicycles. The battery storage system incorporated in electric bicycles provides insufficient energy for long distance travels and does not carry self-charging capabilities (Coates Charkey, 2002 Nagendran Senthil, 2010). Electric assisted bicycles or Pedelecs confront problems such as an abrupt driving force when the motor is triggered (Hsu, et al., 2011).Project BackgroundThe swan focuses on improving the overall performance of electric assisted bicycle or Pedelecs. Since there is a demand on electric bicycles, it would be beneficial for society and business organization to enrol the development of Pedelecs. In a report by Time News, most electric bicycles run on lead-acid batteries and are unsuitable for the rising requirements of daily transportation (Ramsy, 2009). Numerous solutions were established by various engineers and organizations to counter these problems. most researchers focus on the regeneration of electricity from external sources (Somchaiwong Ponglangka, 2006 Xiong, et al., 2010). While some concentrate on using distinctive forms of power management (Brand Ertugrul, 2007 Hsu, et al., 2011 Morchin, 1998 Nagendran Senthil, 2010). For the proposed Regenerative Battery for Pedelecs project, it confronts both of these methods to solve the battery problems that arise from conventional electrical bicycle. In addition to replacing cars to reduce the emission of greenhouse gasses, the regenerative power during a declining gradient reduces the colo ny on electricity. The generation of electricity from Independent Power Producers (IPP) indirectly affect the environment. For instance, the construction of Hydroelectric whole kit and boodle requires large areas particularly in remote areas and substantial quantities of fossil fuels are used to power up machineries (McKinney, et al., 2007). The natural utilizationat, home to both flora and fauna would be destroyed in the process. The proposed regenerative power is designed to reduce the power consumption in the battery storage while providing rechargeable power tally at the same time. The regenerative power incorporated in the design would be able to solve issues relating to the insufficient power in the battery storage system. It would be able to expand the life cycle of the battery for longer distance travels. Most electric bicycles owners today complain that electric bicycles do not provide sufficient power assistance. The latest Pedelecs today has power-assistance during hill climbing or on irregular develop roads to provide the additional boost without having the rider to exert much force. However, Hsu,et al., (2011) states that there are insufficient power assist to overcome three forces, air drag, friction and hill drag. Air drag and friction does not require much power compare to hill drag. The motor of the power assist provides abundant force to overcome hill drag, friction or air drag while the pedalling power by the rider remains constant. This would be enable riders to conserve energy for longer riding.Most seniors find that conventional bicycles are strenuous and dangerous. Therefore, some seniors would rather stay in the comfort of their homes without getting much work on and fresh air. Pedalecs would be able to encourage seniors to overcome their fear towards conventional bicycles.In urban town areas, getting out buying some groceries would sometimes be a hassle especially if the grocery store shop is not within walking distance. Most peo ple today would rather drive their car out to buy some fruits and vegetables or to fetch the daily newspaper. It is a very unhealthy habit that began to manifest among the town citizens. Little did they know that getting fresh air by cycling or taking a daily stroll would improve the well-being of the person and reduces health risk such as diabetes and humouriovascular disease. According to a Congressional Report, less than one trip in one hundred percent is by bicycle (Congress, 2002). The report also mentioned that frequent bike trips would also bring around the addiction of smokers and alcoholics.Regenerative braking in electric bicycles is gaining popularity too. The Panasonic Vivi RX 10-S features a braking system that recharges a 10AH Li-ion secondary batter located bordering to rear wheel of the bicycle (Toto, 2008). Liu, et al., (2008) mentioned that braking control can be used to convert mechanical energy to electric energy by improving battery life-span. Using the same theory, the proposed design is able to make use of hilly areas to generate electricity. Since no energy is needed for bicycle going downhill, the bicycle still moves downwards due to the forces of gravity. For certain cases, with the regenerative power, braking is not required because the regenerator is able to reduce the speed of the overall bicycle while going downhill.MethodologyThe scope of this research is divided into five dots. The time scope of the project is expected to be completed in 9 months.ResearchAt the beginning of the Final social class Project, intensive research on the area of electric bicycles must be done before designing of the project takes place. Research would be an explanatory research in the beginning to obtain an overview on the research area and to discover alternatives to the research objective. Evaluation on other research papers done to break the new developments in technology and rooms for further studies is noted. Solutions can be developed by ac knowledging the problem faced by the society today. Qualitative Research such as surveys and pointnaires can be conducted to point the current problem faced for further development. This is important because the success of a intersection is determined by meeting the demand of society today. Brainstorming sessions are required after the collected data is evaluated to determine the feasibility of the project and to acquire various alternatives to the problem. This stage is expected to complete within a month. send rancidThe designing process takes place after the evaluation of the collected data is finalised. A basic innovation should be achieved at this stage. All the knowledge on mechanics, electronics and programming is required to design the proposed idea. Computer simulations are to be use to design and test the feasibility of the idea. Autodesk Inventor can be used to construct the framework and provide a visual overview of the bicycle. Matlab and Labview can be used in the programming development of the regenerative power system. Computer simulations are used before the construction of the bicycle to virtually simulating the design while reducing unnecessary expenditure. This stage is expected to complete in 2 months.ImplementationThe implementation stage involves building the prototype based on the finalized design. A conventional bicycle is required as the main structure of the design. Motor, Lithium Ion Battery and Transmission System is needed to modify the bicycle into an electrical-assisted bicycle. Torque Sensors, gradient Sensors or Tilt Sensors are installed to sense when the motor is needed. The Slope or Tilt Sensors can be replaced by Apple Application known as Gyroscope for an extra appealing feature. Additional hardware such as a state-of-charge indicator, power tab hub and throttle switch can be added later(prenominal) on. This stage is expected to complete in 3 months.TestingThe testing phase involves the practical assessment on the n ow fully built bicycle. Various tests would be performed to determine the performance of the entire system. deuce types of testing can be conducted, laboratory testing and field testing. Laboratory testing involves a pay back of variables such as power, efficiency, cycle speed, life-span of the rechargeable battery and the motor. For field testing, a laptop with a PCMIA card is incorporated to the system to acquire the data. The testing would involve around twenty volunteers from different age group, gender, weight and physical fitness level. All volunteers have to go through a predetermine path with different type of terrain in an urban area. The laptop is used to record data such as pedalling torque, bicycle speed and applied power. The data collected is to be used to evaluate the performance of the system. A heap of feedback forms could be given out at the end of the testing to gauge the satisfactory level of each volunteer towards the system. This stage is expected to complete in 2 months.ReportReport writing is to be conducted at the end of all the four stages. The scope and design process in building the system are to be complied. The data collected are tabulated in graph and figures to illustrate the outcomes. This stage is expected to complete within month.LimitationsThere is some limitation that would be encountered in the process of implementing the system. Budget bound would be a factor due to the costly hardware needed to construct the bicycle. A big prototype is more appropriate because a smaller-scale prototype would not be serving its purpose. In a newspaper report by The Star, due to safety issues, electric bicycles may be taken off the road if the Cabinet accepts a recommendation from the Transport Ministry (Kong, 2011). If the amendment of banning electric bicycle is implemented end-to-end the country it may also affect the field-testing of the system.Research ObjectivesThis study embarks on the following objectivesTo produce an environm ental friendly transportation as an alternative to petrol consumption carsTo solve instability issues involving the abrupt acceleration when the motor is turned onTo provide an alternative regenerative power on declining slopes to lengthen the life-span of the battery storage systemTo improve the overall performance to Pedelecs that are available in the market todayTo design a form of transportation for suitable in dense populated urban areasResearch QuestionWhat are the current impact on the environment and ways to solve the problem?What are the current issues faced by electric bicycle?What addition or alternative regenerative power can be installed to conventional electric bicycles?What can be done to appeal to the market segment to buy the product?How to solve issues involving unhealthy habits of the society by relying on cars for short distance travels?Significance of the ProjectThe proposed regenerative bicycle would be able to serve as a stepping stone for further development on electric assisted bicycles. Studies by other researches can be done by referring of the design system used and the data collected. Limitations and problems identified can be solved by future research. The proposed design hopes to significantly reduce the emission of greenhouses gasses emitted by petrol driven cars. If the design meets the demands of the society, manufactures would start producing more electrical assisted-bicycle which in return, reduces the market price of the system to reach out to all segments of the society.Expected ResultsThe expected outcome of this project is to successfully develop a working actual size electrical assist bicycle prototype capable of converting mechanical energy to electrical energy. From the project, novel theories can be established that would indirectly benefit other areas of sciences. Furthermore, the theories presented would lead to implementation for future potential applications. The tabulations of data collected from the project is to also encourage potential researchers especially budget constrain researchers to engage in the area of electric powered vehicles. A stable handling electrical assisted bicycle is expected to be built to provide safe and comfortable riding experience. In return, physically fit or unphysical fit riders would be able to fill the rapture of riding a bicycle for travelling or recreational use. The design and technology incorporated in the project is expected to appeal to the society and provide as an alternative to cars and motorcycles. This would directly reduce carbon footprint and slower the process of global warming.